How Far The Australia’s Legal, Political And Educational Structures Are Modeled On British Institutions Essay

Australia was colonized by British and was granted independence in 1901. The six colonies which had been formerly inhabited by the British during colonization became the six states in the federal government that Australia assumed. Most of the legal, political and education systems borrowed a lot from British institutions, although Australia preferred to borrow the federal system from America (State University, 2009).   Some of the powers that had been held by the states were volunteered progressively and when the twentieth century came to close, the federal government was responsible in running Australia. How Far the Australia’s Legal, Political and Educational Structures Are Modeled On British Institution The major institutes in Australia such as bureaucracy, education and the language that is commonly used there have a British line modeling. Some of The universities that were in Australia in the 1920s boasted of being as old as three- quarter century. It was quite evident that there was no one teaching economics until 1913. The professor who was teaching history or philosophy gave a single or double lecture on the theory of economics in a week. Due to the extensive work load, economics experienced a lot of negligence something that profoundly shocked the Americans (Heaton, 2008). Most universities in Australia had borrowed a lot of British ideas in their modeling and with special preference of Cambridge and Oxford which concentrated in technical training, back in 1920s. Economic science had minimal teaching in Britain until recently and Australia gave little attention as it held the British system highly. Mathematics, philosophy, classics and literature that were commonly offered in most universities in Britain were accorded a lot of respect by the Australians who also offered them in their universities. There was a lot of attention in offering of law, medicine and engineering which were traditional courses offered in universities of Britain. The state established most universities in Australia, and the largest proportion of revenue was drawn from public coffers and this takes place up to date (Heaton, 2008). Most endowments that were private contributed minimally to the development of universities in Australia unlike in America. These private endowments invested half the revenue that the government invested in public institutions. Money from the public was unconditionally granted by the government which made no attempt to seriously control policies and teaching. The universities were dependent on the state, similar to universities in Britain. The first universities in Australia were established with the aim of meeting the standards that stressed their capability of meeting the values and norms of the models of British universities which were considered to be the most appropriate (University of Western Australia, 2003. These models that were adopted have made it impossible for newer universities to adopt any other system as a powerful effect has been exerted by the already existing universities. The government draws a lot of security from scientific interests than culture and education is seen more of an instrument than experience (State University 2009). The community also perceives the university to be a place where it is served through the training of lawyers, engineers, dentists, teachers and doctors and thus these traditional courses continue holding a lot of attention. Specialization is very common in most of the Australian universities and once a student goes to a specific department, they will be ignorant on other departments. This has resulted to the graduates being more professionalized than educated. This phenomenon is common in most prestigious universities in Britain. America has the most diversified university programs and there is a call for conformity of Australian universities by the people. Australian law is comprised of the common law, (which derives its basis from the common law of Britain), the constitution and federal laws passed by parliament. The states within Australia exercise their own governing over the court systems and parliaments which are present in each. The systems of government and law that are currently existent in Australia have their legal dependence and validity on the British statutes (University of Western Australia, 2003)    One such statute is the Act of 1900 known as Commonwealth of Constitution of Australia. The characters of legal institutions and Austrian law traditions have a monoculture characteristic. This reflects an origin which is English in nature. The Aborigines who were the natives of Australia were completely ignored by the British as they were too native and the Britons completely disregarded any laws that were in place, but instead subjected them to the England laws (Aroney 2007, p. 8). Recently, Howard made the same maneuver in 2007, by initiating an intervention of communities of the Aborigines who live in the territory that lies in the North of Australia. The forces of the military were mobilized and the government granted them power to directly exercise control over the communities which were targeted. This was to last for five years and this move is no different from what the British did when they first arrived in Australia.   The constitution protects Howard’s maneuvers as the state government can override the government authority in the Northern territory (Stringer 2007, p. 30). This law is still present in the constitution which gives the government the power to constitutionally usurp territorial governments’ sovereignty.   Howard is doing what the British did to the native aborigines since this intervention has been viewed as contravening the human rights due to its discriminatory nature. Howard claims that he is saving the aboriginal children from being sexually abused by the whites in Australia (Stringer 2007,   32). It is evident that the constitution of Australia is still embedded on the Common Wealth Constitution by the British and nothing has been done to include the native Aborigines in the constitution.   Ã‚  The system of court that is present has still borrowed a lot of modeling from the English system (Goldring, 2003).     Ã‚  The high court is the final appeal court and also deals with constitution matters. The basis of the constitution of Australia is the commonwealth constitution that was enacted in 1900 and this statute was used until 1942. The independence of the legislature was enacted in 1986 in Australia. This was a symbol of its freedom from Britain. Until 1990, Australia held the status of constitutional monarchy something it had inherited from Britain. Although there are supreme courts in all states, the high court was established to ensure the uniformity of the common law. The common law is inherent of the common law in Britain (Edwiyna 2008, p. 230). The premier in the UK is an enviable character who enjoys a lot of executive powers that the presidents of America have no access to. This power is similar to what the premier in Australia enjoys a clear picture that Australia adopted the same political arrangement as Britain which had formerly colonized it (Bennister 2007, p. 335). Both the premiership in Australia exhibit a lot of similarities as the there is a lot of capacity and influence from the premier. There are a lot of constraints in the institutional that are discrete, but the capacity of resources is easy to identify. Both of these premiers are stretching the institution through growth in the office of the leaders, policy advice which is bold and centralized and the ministerial adviser’s functions and roles have been strengthened. These new structures, practices and process are entrenched in the political systems of both the premiers and this is attributed to the practice of their executive powers (Bennister 2007, p. 330). Australia adopted the office of the premier with executive powers like Britain who can make decisions that are hardly challenged. Conclusion Australia, which was a British colony, has borrowed so much from Britain in terms of education, legal and political system. Most of its oldest universities were modeled from the famous British universities such as Cambridge and Oxford. There was a perception that the technical courses offered in these reputable institutions should be taken as the guidelines in the universities in Australia. This has made most private investors to shy away from establishing more universities and by 2007; there were only two private universities out of the 39 that were present in the country.   There has been an outcry for the education system to be diversified to conform to that of American universities that are seen as more appropriate. The constitution that borrowed a lot from the Commonwealth Act needs some of the statutes to be reviewed to conform to the modern times. The Act that gives the government permission to usurp Northern territories sovereignty sounds so colonist and it should be reviewed to protect the Aboriginal communities. It is the high time that Australia reviewed its own constitution to include everyone and get rid of some of the statutes that were present during colonialism. From this review, it is clear that most Australian systems are modeled on British institutions. Bibliography: Aroney, N 2007, Comparative law in Australian constitutional jurisprudence: University of Queensland law journal, University of Queensland, Vol. 26(2) pp 8 Bennister, M 2007, Tony Blair and John Howard: Comparative Predominance and ‘Institution Stretch’ in the UK and Australia, British journal of politics and international relations, Vol. 9 (3) pp 327-345 Edwiyna, H 2008, Colonialism and Long-Run Growth in Australia: An Examination of Institutional Change in Victoria’s Water Sector During the Nineteenth Century,   Blackwell publishing ltd Vol. 48 (3) pp 266-279 Goldring, J 2003, The Australian court system and its oral tradition, Retrieved April 25, 2009 from http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:inbECLUBLQ4J:web.bham.ac.uk/forensic/IAFL03/goldring.doc+How+far+were+Australia%E2%80%99s+legal,+political+

Prevention of teen pregnancy Essay

Explain the level of prevention with teen pregnancy (can choose your own level out of the three levels).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage pregnancy has been a major problem not only in the developed world but also recently in the developing nations.   In the US and Canada, due to the increased awareness amongst teenagers, the prevalence of teenage pregnancies is decreasing.   However, in several developing nations, the incidence of teenage pregnancies is on the rise.   In the year 1999, it was found that about 97 teenagers out of every 1000 between the ages of 15 to 19 years were pregnant and about 80 % of them were not desired.   Before the age of 18 years, 80 % of the teenage girls have sex.   The age of menarche has also dropped to 12 to 13 years (Weiss, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage pregnancies may not be intended for social reasons but due to other including medical and psychological.   The chances of the girl to have a miscarriage, abortion, stillborn baby, etc, are reasonable higher.   These girls are usually the ones who belong to the lower socioeconomic groups and the chances of living in poverty are realistically higher.   The financial burden on the woman would also increase, as she would now have to leave her studies and pick up some job in order to support her child.   Children born from a teen mother are frequently underweight and are at a high risk of developing health problems.   Due to a number of causes, it is always preferred that teenage pregnancies are prevented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three different levels of prevention when it comes to teenage pregnancies.   These include primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention.   Primary prevention includes measures to prevent pregnancies through physical or other methods.   These include use of contraceptive pills, condoms, etc.   This helps to reduce minimize the risk of getting pregnant.   Secondary prevention includes checkups, scans, etc, to ensure that the girl does not get pregnant.   This is usually followed if primary prevention is not enabled.   Tertiary prevention of includes taking measures to prevent any further pregnancies after one has already occurred in the teenage girls.   The best level of prevention would be primary prevention (Connelly & Inui, 2004).  Ã‚               How might this specific level of prevention be addressed in a community experiencing an increase in family violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several measures which need to be adopted for primary prevention of teenage pregnancies.   These include health education, sex education, school and college based programs, health services, use of condoms, use of contraceptives (birth control pills), etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the teen pregnancy prevention program several people belonging to the community should be involved including the teenagers, parents, teachers, legislatures, administrators, professionals, media, medical professionals, School authorities, etc.   It is important that the entire community be involved in the program, as teenage pregnancy is a multi-faceted issue.   People are advised to develop responsible health attitudes, behavior and practices regarding teenage pregnancy.  Ã‚   The program should be much more than just offering health services and counselling services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The program should take place at several places including schools, colleges, health centers, public health centers, community discussions, etc.   The targets of such programs should be more realistic and achievable.   Both the boy and girl should actively take part in such programs.   At all stages, it is very important that the family and the parents are involved.   Besides, resources and materials such as condoms, birth control pills, education material, counselling services, etc, should be provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the teenage pregnancy prevention program, multiple agencies should be involved.   In the planning and implementation of the program, teenagers themselves should be involved.   The parents should educate and create awareness in their children about sex and pregnancy during the childhood stage itself.   Hence, involvement of the parents is also required.   Mobile services would also help to create awareness in rural and far-flung areas.   The trust should be in creating increased levels of confidence, self-esteem and decision-making amongst teenagers.   Teenagers should also be educated about drug abuse and alcohol abuse.   Drug abuse can affect judgment, which can lead to irresponsible sex behavior. Explain why a comprehensive health program should address all three levels of prevention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teenage pregnancy programs need to address all the levels of prevention, as focusing on one single level of prevention and ignoring others would create bias and negative attitudes of the community to those girls who have already become pregnant.   As the rates of teenage pregnancy are reasonable high and a significant number of girls become pregnant during the teenage period, there are high chances that they would lead a miserable life.   This may make it all that more difficult to enable the process of primary prevention.   Several facilities such as health education, medical services for the mother and the child, housing, financial support, nursing homes, counselling, etc, need to be provided.   It is important that teenagers who become pregnant be given all the care and love during the pregnancy period and not be driven out of the house.   Pregnant girls should also be given counselling services as they would not know much of the manner in which their healthcare needs have to be met.   They should be specifically warned about drug abuse and smoking during this period. The focus should be on ensuring that the mother and child are healthy and do not suffer.   During the pregnancy period, the young father should be supportive of the girl.   The young mother should also be educated about the manner in which abuse and neglect need to be tackled. References: Connelly, M. T. & Inui, T. S. (2004). â€Å"Principles of Disease Prevention.† In: Braunwald, E., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. and Jameson, J.L. (Eds) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, New York: McGraw-Hill. Huberman, B. (2005). â€Å"National Teen Pregnancy Prevention Month (NTPPM) Planning Guidebook.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from Advocates of Youth Web site. Ontario’s Maternal, Newborn and Early Child Development Resource Centre and the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (2007). â€Å"Update report on Teen pregnancy prevention.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from OMNECD Web site: SHPPS (2006). â€Å"Pregnancy Prevention.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from SHPPS Web site. Weiss, D. (2006). â€Å"Reducing Teenage Pregnancy.† Retrieved on December 9, 2007, from Planned Parenthood Web site: http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policy-issues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/teenage-pregnancy-6240.htm

EPIB of British American Tobacco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EPIB of British American Tobacco - Case Study Example BAT Company was founded in 1902, the company acquired different companies in America and the UK to form the current multinational corporation it has evolved to be. Currently BAT is the second biggest procedure of cigarettes in world with an estimated 10.5% of the total global share. PESTEL analysis is used to investigates the vital factors which affects an industry and the influence they have on a particular company or companies operating in that particular industry. PESTEL is means political, Economic, Social, Technological and Legal factors. Political factors entail government policies which are related to the industry, this includes tax policies, regulations and laws, tariffs and restrictions and other factors. The economic factors include the wider economic performance for example economic growth, exchange rates, interest rates and inflation. Social factors on the other hand relates to cultural issues which includes health, population growth, demographics, changes in consumer behaviours and other aspects. Technology factors include the adaptation of new available technology and new ideas such as automation, information technology and rate of technology change. Legal factors comprises of legal procedures, licensing, product legal descriptions and other legal factors. (Hollensen, 2004) Political factors whereby the company have to deal with the political interferences that may be practiced by the UK government. According to research political systems of nations affect the conduct of businesses, for example some countries practice collectivism while others practice capitalism political systems. The UK government practices capitalism in that it allows factors of production to be privately owned and the government performs only limited duties that the private sector cannot perform unlike in collectivism and communism that stresses collective goals. So BAT Company has no restrictions and hence we can conclude that it enjoys good external political environment. (London and Hart, 2004) Economical factors which mainly deals with financial forces in the economic environment. Such factors include foreign exchange rates, currencies and global monetary systems like the use of Euro currency, inflation, counter trade, balance of payments, monetary policies, and fiscal policies among others. After carrying out careful analysis of these factors BAT Company did not face a lot of these challenges with but only was subjected to few of them like inflation and the balance of payments. (Buckley, 2005) Social factors are other factors that the company has to consider before going international. Forces within the society such as religion, family, social structure and education may impact positively or negatively the way BAT Company will market its products. Social factors affect our attitude, opinions and interests on the way we view products from certain companies. (Buckley, 2005) Technological factors are another key factor to be put in consideration before going global. Advanced technologies are now being experienced by many companies as

Economics of sex and drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economics of sex and drugs - Essay Example eople who will be visiting the city of Denver will lead to an imbalance in the market for prostitution and this is bound to create some pressures on the prices for the services. The various dimensions of the effects as well as the movements expected are discussed below in order to have a clear picture on the expected outcomes (Moffatt, Peter and Simon, 681). As has been mentioned above, the first basic effect of the National Western Stock show is the fact that there will be some imbalances in the supply and demand of prostitution services. This is due to the fact that a lot of people are expected to come to the city to show case their products and services while others will be visiting the city in order to experience the show. The first dimension of this influx is that there will be an increase in the demand for prostitution services and this is expected to push the prices upward as the market forces adjust themselves accordingly. It is expected that the prostitutes operating in the city will increase the prices of their services in order to benefit from increased demand for their services (Moffatt, Peter and Simon, 683). Additionally, the influx of people will bring in people with more disposable income and; therefore, they will be willing to spend their money on various forms of leisure and entertainment such as seeking the services of prostitutes. This will lead to an increase in the prices of the services since they will be willing to pay more than normal in order to access the scarce services. It is; however, important to note that this may not go on for long as the market will adjust itself almost immediately as it is expected that other prostitutes from other cities and localities will also invade the city in order to benefit from offering services to the people at the show. This means that the supply of prostitution services may actually increase and this may put a downward pressure on the prices (Dill 96). The expected increase in the demand for

Public and Private Language by Richard Rodriguez Article - 2

Public and Private Language by Richard Rodriguez - Article Example According to Rodriguez, being familiar with the public language is more advantages to the private language. He notes that lack of public language may deny an individual his/her self esteem; therefore, he emphasizes for a need of bilingual education especially for the persons who do not share the public language with their immediate surroundings. From his personal and family experience, Richard Rodriguez explains how language or confidence of expression in public affects personal confidence, especially in the social life. He perfectly achieves this claim by using different experiences especially his personal experience and the experience his father had once they (his sister, brother, and himself) had perfected the public language. According to Rodriguez, he had no confidence in the classroom nor could he play or associate with neighborhood kids. Since his siblings and Rodriguez could not communicate freely with others, they come home too early and could lock themselves indoors unlike when they had been acquainted with the public language. Additionally, he perfectly rotates the events and they (children of the family) become fluent to the language than their parents. Rodriguez notes that as they became fluent in English to their private language, things started changing in their family as their parents started having difficulties in communicating with them. Hence, their parents especially his father opted to remain silent whenever the public language speakers were in the house. To denote how language affects an individual’s public confidence or individuality, Rodriguez compares his father’s communication and confidence levels when interacting with fallow Spanish and when interacting with the public. Rodriguez states that his father grew quiet in the house, a situation that his mother relates to his father’s childhood life. He notes that his mother explained that both of his father’s â€Å"parents died when he (his father) was eight. H e was raised by an uncle who treated him as little more than a menial servant. He was never encouraged to speak. He grew up alone; a man of few words (Rodriguez 54).† However, Rodriguez emphases that this silence is nothing to do with his father’s childhood experiences, but to the power of language that brings the confidence of communication and interaction with other persons. Rodriguez noted his father was neither shy nor few of words. For instance, Rodriguez says that when his father was using Spanish and interacting with fellow Spanish men, â€Å"he was quickly effusive. Especially when talking with other men, his voice would spark, flicker, flare alive with sounds. In Spanish, he expressed ideas and feelings he rarely revealed in English. With firm Spanish sounds, he conveyed confidence and authority; qualities English could have never revealed in him (Rodriguez 54).† It is worth noting that using the above experience as examples indicate how perfectly Rodrig uez has managed in developing ideas in supporting his theme. It is worth noting that Rodriguez in his article tries to address varied audients both young and old. The only main concern he had is to communicate the power of public language that he wants everybody to develop. However, he also addresses the necessity of sticking to some of the private languages. In different occasions, he did meet or encounter persons who reminded him of his youthful days when he had not been Americanized.

Hildegard Peplau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hildegard Peplau - Essay Example She also did work at Bellevue and Chestnut Lodge Psychiatric Facilities and was in contact with renowned psychiatrists Freida Fromm-Richman and Harry Stack Sullivan. From the beginning of her career in the late 1930s, Peplau worked tirelessly to advance nursing education and practice. Her efforts and excellent leadership saved the American Nurses Association from bankruptcy and moved the nursing profession towards scientific recognition and respectability. She was recognized for her numerous contributions in the nursing profession. Peplau has been considered as one of the renowned nursing leaders of her time. Her writings and research were repeatedly featured in the American Journal of Nursing from 1951 to 1960. She became a professor emeritus from Rutgers shortly after obtaining her doctorate degree. She established the first nursing post-baccalaureate program and eventually held the title of executive director and president of the American Nurses Association. She promoted professional standards and regulation through credentialing, as well as introduced the concept of advanced nursing practice. She advocated on behalf of nurses by advancing their status as professionals. She worked progressively in the mental health field and ultimately created a conceptual framework for the interpersonal relationship between nurses and their patients. She was honored as a â€Å"Living Legend† by the American Academy of Nurses. Starting in the early 1950s, she published many texts, beginning with a manuscript of a compilation of her theoretical framework for psychodynamic nursing entitled Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (published in 1952). She taught psychodynamic nursing and stressed the nurse’s ability to understand his or her own behavior to help others identify perceived difficulties. She identified the following phases of the nurse-patient relationship: orientation,

Tourism is whorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tourism is whorism - Essay Example Prostitution is one of the oldest professions; it is an offspring of poverty coupled with inhumanity. Some of the countries that receive tourists on regular basis have legitimized this inhumane profession. The statement â€Å"Tourism is whorism!† may not be applicable in general but there is definitely some link. Countries that are under privilege, and generate a great chunk of revenue from tourism are forced to ease out their policies against prostitution. People are poor, their mode of earning is scarce, therefore they are bound to look out for other sources and in this search of generating extra cash they indulge in heinous acts like prostitution. The natives of the tourists’ resorts are sometimes forced by the influential members of their societies to carry out illegal trade of flesh just to promote the region as tourist resort for sex maniacs. Thus, tourism is not entirely whorism, but there are certain issues that turn it to look like

Paper and Coin currency Vs Electronic Money Transfer Systems Essay

Paper and Coin currency Vs Electronic Money Transfer Systems - Essay Example Bill Gates, while delivering his lecture at International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas (Nevada) in January this year, said "Software is providing power, but software has got to provide simplicity. And that's why our investment levels are going up in the toughest problems: Security, privacy, speech recognition, video recognition - and all of those things we will fold into this platform."1 1. Today we are in an IT era and wish to live in a Digital life-style. Being digital has become sort of a fashion statement. The older generation expresses its reservation regarding security issues etc. but the Gen-X is fully geared up to exploit the full potential of Digital age. Well, having said about the 'attitude', it certainly needs to be pointed out that the youth of the day is not as carefree as is being branded, at times, by the elders. The fact is, the technologies like Electronic Money Transfer or Electronic Funds Transfer have proved their utility beyond doubt and we believe in this capability because we understand the intricacies of this technology. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) provides for electronic payments and collections. It is a system of transferring money from one bank account directly to another without any paper money changing hands e.g. There's will be more transpa... Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) provides for electronic payments and collections. It is a system of transferring money from one bank account directly to another without any paper money changing hands e.g. Using Internet or bank transfers. Using ATM/Debit/Credit Cards etc Payments thorough telephone (using voice synthesizers) In fact the Radio Frequency IDs (RFID) technique is also used in Electronic Transfer. RFID tags are used in a wide range of contexts like; Electronic payment cards used in many countries to pay road tolls, bus and metro fares, Electronic security tags used by retailers, 'Intelligent' luggage labels used in some airports etc Monitoring the workers within the factory/ company builiding. Advantages of Using Electronic Money Transfer Salary of an employee can be directly deposited in his/ her bank account. There's will be more transparency in money transfers. For example transfer of huge sums of money to illegal operations like financing the terrorist organizations can now be easily traced, as there will be less number of manual transactions. Money can be transferred in lesser time, usually the same day. It increases the efficiency, safety/ security standards of the bank. Such transfers are less expansive for the bank. Customer is free from the stress of carrying bundles of notes in a bag/ packets etc. hence reducing the threat of robbery. The threat of a 'Returned Check' is gone as well. It results in less paper work meaning less cutting of trees i.e. an environment friendly technique. The day is not far when we do not need to carry any wallet, Credit cards etc. in our pocket, Soon enough we may see the times when we'll have all our banking records, personal details, identification tags etc in a smart chip embedded in the ring of our middle

How should U.S. define its security interests and implement a plan for Essay

How should U.S. define its security interests and implement a plan for advancing them in the Middle East, Whats the Army's role in U.S. Strategy - Essay Example It is important to note that the model for fighting terrorism in the modern times involves the use of the influence that the US has on other nations as well as the national power. This means that the US employs military power, financial intelligence, diplomatic power and law enforcement operations to protect their home country and promote their defenses, deprive the terror groups off the resources that are required for their activities and end their terror activities. Their strategy should focus on getting a better understanding of the enemy. From the start, the US had acknowledged the fact that the war against terror involves understanding the nature of the terrorist factions in the Middle East region, where they get their strength and resources from (Serena 48). This will contribute positively to their strategy in bringing terror activities to an end as well as fighting the deep-rooted ideologies that result in the establishment of such groups. It has been observed that the US has made significant steps in fighting terrorism in the region by capturing some of the masterminds behind such groups. It should not relent in its efforts to establish effective democratic organizations in the region and work towards establishing human liberty in the region. The foreign aid approach should be employed towards promoting the US interests in the Middle East (Keegan 57). This is because the war torn nations require funds to establish democratic institutions as well as settle its citizens in safe environments. In this way, the US can find a lasting solution for the Middle East. The army is at an important point. This is due to the fact that in the past years it has channeled its processes and resources in two major wars which evolved into stability and counterinsurgency operations. This led to the adoption of the Army Force Generation framework, refocused

The Most Significant Moment of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Most Significant Moment of Life - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the true essence of our life is exhibited through the little moments of joy or sorrow that are dear to us and are close to our hearts. These moments may be seemingly minor and trivial but become the most treasured and meaningful memories. These noteworthy moments adorn our past for our lifetime and have an evergreen effect on our future. Not just joyous incidents, some heart-wrenching episodes affecting our dear ones or our surroundings can also remain etched in our memories. Such incidents serve as reminders of the realities of life and the ups and downs it encompasses. On the other hand, the beautiful and worthwhile episodes shared with our family, favorite pets, colleagues, and friends prove to us every day the worthiness of life. These precious memories give us the necessary boost we need when we are drowned in the daily chaos and obligations. The researcher’s Granddad possessed a very full of life and admirable personality. The author enjoyed the most when she used to spend her time at her grandparent's house. Every single moment the researcher spent with her granddad was filled with affection and a feeling of warmth. Even now when she thinks of even the most inconsequential episodes she spent with her granddad, the author is reminded of his honesty and kindness that reflected her personality. Childhood is a part of your life where the tiniest of gestures have a deep impact on one’s personality. The researcher’s granddad showed the importance of family, the significance of kindness and gave her the confidence that is needed to become a self-assured young girl that she is today. The author always worshipped his lively personality, the way he laughed and made jokes with his companions. His authoritarian personality with the spirit of kindness and love that, he had in abundance, especially for the researcher. Her granddad always took special care of her and the author used to accompany him most of the time. One particular incident has left a deep impact on the author’s mind and she still finds that she related to it some way or another. During one particular summer vacations, when the author was in 6th standard she went to her granddad's house as a part of her usual annual routine. As usual, the author spent the bright lively summer days in her grandparent’s house cherishing each and every moment. Summer vacations were a time which she used to wait for eagerly. It was an occasion when the researcher got the chance to spend time with one person who made her feel special through his affectionate soul and kind gestures. Granddad brought home a little, frail puppy that looked scared and homeless. Its innocent round eyes stared at the author with fear in them. Granddad had found him on his way home in a deserted street without its mother. The researcher was amazed and quite amused by this little creature. The puppy was just like a little baby; small, fragile and completely dependent on others. Granddad gave the puppy to the author and told her to take special care of the little creature. That day he taught the researcher a lesson that she followed the rest of her life. It was something that was obvious from his way of life and his personality. He taught her love and affection for family. He told her that if today the author takes care of the little, defenseless creature, it will grow up tomorrow and return her the kindness and affection she showed to it.  

Transfer From Hofstra Essay Example for Free

Transfer From Hofstra Essay I have come to a point in life that many people have not.   I have made a firm decision to recommit myself to pursuing my dreams.   While there are those who believe that with an ounce of luck and a ton of persistence anything can be accomplished, I believe that there is no reason to expend so much energy and rely on luck.   Life is simply too short and too precious to be left to luck alone.   After serious investigation and reflection I am convinced my educational goals will be far better achieved at this prestigious University. It is not an easy decision for me, as I thoroughly enjoyed my time at Hofstra University a   and made the most of it.   One of the many wonderful concepts I have learned from my parents is to strive for academic excellence while balancing life with other activities and contributions.   I am proud of my academic record at Hofstra University, where I maintained a 3.35 GPA, as well as my extracurricular involvement in campus activities, part-time employment and community service.   Yet I feel that in order to reach my full potential I need to be in an environment that best caters to my interests and goals. The world is fast becoming a borderless place.   Cultures, races, beliefs and ideologies are blend together and interact because of the growing advances in communications.   In order to succeed in this world, one needs to be able to adapt to the various cultural differences as well as be able to maintain a certain sense of individual identity.   My former school, Hofstra University, did not have the same diversity that I see environment where cultural diversity is promoted.     This is why I believe that this educational environment is the perfect place for me.   Not only does this University exceed my expectations but it is also enjoys a global reputation. I have learned from my parents two â€Å"laws†: the law of learning and the law of giving. I believe the more you learn the more open you become for learning. I am convinced this University is a great fit for â€Å"the law of learning.†Ã‚   That is why I believe that this move is a crucial step for me.   My success and my accomplishments here will herald the beginning of the fulfillment of my personal and professional goals. It is said that the one thing that nobody can ever take away from you is your education and that is the one thing that I plan to not only gain for myself but for others as well.   I have learned from my parents the critical importance of the law of giving, and I am both attracted and committed to this model of community service, particularly that â€Å"students apply business skills to effect social change.† I bring to this campus a variety of assets and commitments. I have benefited from a multi-cultural mentoring program in high school.   As an open-minded student, I believe I am able to contribute to not only the cultural diversity, but also the global views of the learning community.   My experience and perspective will greatly benefit those that I will be able to interact with on campus.   I look forward to the rich academic and cultural experience that this fine University has to offer. I have also always been committed to community service and campus government, and plan on continuing these important activities.   I will bring to the campus what others have considered in me an infectious â€Å"joy of learning, excitement for the future, and need for world contribution.† That is in essence my philosophy and I believe it will be able to contribute to the campus community if given the opportunity to do so. While I personally believe that â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch† and that everything a person has in life must come from hard work and perseverance.   There are those, however, who are unfortunate in life and therefore I also believe in helping others who do not have much in life.   I believe in helping people regardless of their nation, race or creed.   I believe in being a better person so I can best help myself and others around me.   I believe that this academic environment is the best place for me to turn these beliefs into realities.   I am fully aware of the significance of being considered for acceptance, and I am sincerely grateful for your time and consideration of my application.

Video Rental Store Database Information Technology Essay

Video Rental Store Database Information Technology Essay Development of a Video Rental Store database application for JJ Video Library to facilitate efficient data storage and retrieval. Background to the Project JJ Video Library is a store which rents out videos to its members. It was established in 2006. It is located in Kimara, Kinondoni district of Dar es Salaam. The stores success is due to the good service it provides to its members and the wide and varied stock of videos available for rent. The store is having difficulties in managing the increasing amount of data used and generated. It cant cope with its own success. It now offers a larger selection of videos to a growing number of members, which means that the level of service it provides is falling. A system that will speed up the way they work, i.e. something to automate a lot of the day-to-day tasks that seem to take forever to complete is needed. The aim of this project is to develop a database application that will help solve the increasing problems of data management. Objectives The main objectives for the system are as follows: 3.1) Technical To produce an overall requirements specification for the system. To design and develop the system by adapting the waterfall model. 3.2) Personal To gain programming experience in PHP and MySQL. To produce a system that will meet the need of the store. To improve my understanding in organizing and carrying out a software development project. 3.3) Academic To meet the academic requirements of the B.Sc. ICTM final year Project. Justification 4.1) Reasons for choosing this project The primary reason for choosing this particular project is to solve the business need of JJ Video Library, which is detailed in section 5.1. Without a real-time database application, it is extremely difficult to manage the growing size of the data being stored. In the new system the following manual functions will be automated: Check in and out Find customer show details. Show customers current rentals. Return a video on time. Return a video late pay fine. Return late video without paying. Paying outstanding fines. Locate video details to check out. Check a video out. Search Search for a movie. List genres. Add title Add the new title to the database. Find the ID of the film we just added. Create copies of the film. Find existing artist. Connect the artist with the film. Get genres. Sign up Add new customer details. Get ID of new customer. List all debtors Show list of customers with unpaid fines. A secondary reason for choosing this project is to broaden my knowledge in both the areas of PHP scripting and database application development. I am greatly interested in both areas and see this project as a way for me to investigate how both these areas can be combined to create robust database applications. 4.2) How this project draws from other course subjects During this project I will use many skills I have acquired during my coursework, the table below summaries this: Code Course Subject Techniques/Knowledge to be used ICT 106 Introduction to Information Technology. Document and presentation preparation techniques. ICT 110 Fundamentals of Computer Networks. Appliation deployment techniques and protocols. ICT 209 Global Networks. ICT 116 Management Information Systems. Salient components of Information Systems and how they couple with functional areas of a business. ICT 211 Information Technology and Business Computing. ICT 208 Database Concepts and Design. Relational database design techniques. ICT 214 Computer Programming. Programming constructs. COM 200 Business Communication Skills. Report writing techniques. PUB 220 Research Methods. Research techniques. ICT 313 Database Management and Administration. This subject has not been covered yet, so this project will serve as an early investigation of subject. ICT 314 Information Technology and Society. This subject has not been covered yet, so this project will serve as an early investigation of the subject. ICT 315 Software Engineering. This subject has not been covered yet, so this project will serve as an early investigation of the subject. ICT 316 Systems Analysis and Design. This subject has not been covered yet, so this project will serve as an early investigation of the subject. ICT 317 IT Project Management. This subject has not been covered yet, so this project will serve as an early investigation of the subject. 4.3) What are the expect gains from doing this project The development work will give me the opportunity to gain handy practice in a programming language. The project will give me a chance to put to use many of the techniques and concepts which I have learnt in my coursework. Database development methods and the application of formal systems development model to mention a few. Furthermore, upon the completion of the project, JJ Video Library store will have a powerful tool which they can use to store and retrieve information more efficiently. The development work will serve as the means for meeting the requirements of the B.Sc. ICTM project component. The project will enable me to improve my software development ability by developing a considerably sized software application, thus allowing me to gain valuable experience in: planning and organizing project work problem-solving systems analysis systems design programming and testing 4.4) Video rental industry background study The movie rental industry has changed drastically over the years. Previously, movie fans could only rent movies at their local movie renting store, but the birth of new technologies and movie distribution methods has changed the way the movie rental industry operates. Today, there are three major ways for movie buffs to obtain their movies: the traditional movie rental store, online movie rental services, or no-return movie rental services. While the movie rental industry is rapidly changing, movie rental stores are still very financially successful. Movie rental stores make their money through a number of different methods including membership fees, rental fees, late fees, and movie purchases. Because online movie rental services are both cheap and convenient, they are quickly becoming a strong competitor within the movie rental industry. Both options are ideal for movie rental enthusiasts who enjoy renting movies regularly but dont want to be bothered with returning the movies. One of the leaders in no-return movie rentals, Flexplay, offers superior quality and convenience over other no-return movie rental companies. Scope System Requirements 5.1) Scope The scope of the system will be limited to the core business functions (Connolly Begg, 2004: 132) of JJ Video Library, namely: To maintain (enter, update, and delete) data on videos To maintain (enter, update, and delete) data on members To maintain (enter, update, and delete) data on video rentals To maintain (enter, update, and delete) data on staff To perform searches on videos. To perform searches on video rentals. To perform searches on members. To report on videos. To report on members. To report on video rentals. 5.2) System Requirements Usage of the database application will be restricted to two groups of users, namely the supervisor who will have unrestricted access to the system and the other staff members who will have limited access to the system. To effectively meet the needs of JJ Video Library the functionalities listed below need to be delivered. Due to the time constraints the project will only deliver the contents of this specification. The system will provide the following functionality: Log in Connect to MySQL database: username password. Locate user in employees table. Log out Terminate MySQL database connection. Check in and out Find customer show details. Show customers current rentals. Return a video on time. Return a video late pay fine. Return late video without paying. Paying outstanding fines. Locate video details to check out. Check a video out. Search Search for a movie. List genres. Add title Add the new title to the database. Find the ID of the film we just added. Create copies of the film. Find existing artist. Connect the artist with the film. Get genres. Sign up Add new customer details. Get ID of new customer. Create a user account Add a new user. Grant privileges to user. Remove a user account Get the username of the user. Remove the user from database. Revoke users privileges. Get user ID. List all debtors Show list of customers with unpaid fines. Deliverables 6.1) Development Approach For this project I plan on using the Waterfall systems development life cycle model and an object oriented development approach using UML diagramming tools to model the systems architecture. The waterfall model (Pressman, 2005: 79) will allow for a systematic, sequential approach to software development that will begin with customer-specification of requirements and will progress through planning, modeling, construction, and deployment, culminating in on-going support of the completed software. The figure below shows the proposed model. Waterfall Systems Development Model (Pressman, 2005: 79) Another reason for choosing the waterfall model (Pressman, 2005: 79) was because the requirements for the project are fixed and work is to proceed to completion in a linear manner. And if there is any change in the requirements the model will provide for feedback loops (iteration). 6.2) Artefacts The following parts of the project life cycle are part of this document. These include project initiation, project feasibility and requirements analysis. A high-level design document will be the next deliverable. After that for each stage the following deliverables will be produced at the listed phases: Detailed Design Requirements Specification User Interface Design Database Design Entity Relationship Diagram Data Dictionary Functional Design Use Case Diagram Class Diagram Sequence Diagram Deployment Diagram Build Working Application Test Test Plan Test Cases for: Acceptance Testing To get a small sample of user opinions. Performance Testing To test the speed of the system under load, in a live environment. Implementation User Guide Additional deliverables required for the B.Sc. ICTM project component that will be produced include: Final Project Report. Formal Oral Presentation Timing 7.1) Major Milestones Appendix A gives a detailed breakdown of the hours I have at my disposal to work on the project. I am convinced that I will be able to deliver within the target dates. ID Milestone Hours Start Date Target Date PID Project Plan/Requirements Analysis 75 18 January 2011 31 January 2011 HLD High-level Design Document 75 01 February 2011 14 February 2011 Development Phases DP1 Core System/Database structure 35 15 February 2011 21 February 2011 DP2 Login_logout 17 22 February 2011 24 February 2011 DP3 Check_in_out 18 25 February 2011 28 February 2011 DP4 Search 35 01 March 2011 07 March 2011 DP5 Add_title 35 08 March 2011 14 March 2011 DP6 Sign_up 35 15 March 2011 21 March 2011 DP7 Create_user_account 35 22 March 2011 28 March 2011 DP8 Remove_user_account 35 29 March 2011 04 April 2011 DP9 List_debtors 35 05 April 2011 11 April 2011 FPR Final Project Report 105 12 April 2011 02 May 2011 Total 535 18 January 2011 June 2011 Additional Information 8.1) Project Organisation The project will be conducted entirely by myself. The project supervisor will be Mr. Almasi Maguya. 8.2) Resources: The following tools will be put to use during this project: Tool Description Apache 2.2.17 Web Server. PHP 5.3.3 Scripting Language. Star UML 5.0 UML Diagramming Tool. Komodo Edit 6.0.3 Text Editor. Microsoft Project 2003 Project Management Software. MySQL Workbench 5.2.31 Database Design Tool. MySQL 5.5.8 Relational Database Management System. Adobe Photoshop CS4 Extended Graphics Editing Tool. OpenOffice.org 3.2.1 Office Suite.

Supply Chain of Toyota Motors

Supply Chain of Toyota Motors In the automotive industry, supply chains are extensive and include elements of producing based on several forecasting techniques. The amount of money invested is large and fixed. Key trend in the automotive industry is the increase of the variant numbers on individual models and standardization of components in the supply chain. This means that models can be adjusted to the individual tastes of customers and new models are developed and produced continuously in order to meet the changing market demand. The uncertainty in the market place is translated into mix flexibility and volume flexibility in order to be competitive in the market place. The supply chain which was developed by Toyota was one of the premier in Low Cost supply chains. The entire chain was intended to reduce the costs and get the cost to minimal possible values. But there was no compromise on customer satisfaction, quality and delivery time. It maintained reasonable service levels. The objective of the SCM was to place the Right Product at the right store in right quantities catering to the right customer at right time and a right price. The supply chain created by Toyota (Exhibit 2) was highly integrated. It had a complete integration of right from the raw material providers to its Tier 1 and 2 vendors along with the manufacturing plants, warehouses , dealers and end customers. International collaborators were also a part of the supply chain which made it even more robust and inclusive. The analyses of some of elements of this highly integrated SCM are as below Suppliers Toyota organized its suppliers into functional tiers. The first tier suppliers worked together in a product development team and the second tier suppliers made individual parts. The first tier suppliers were highly co-operative. There is a high degree of co-operation and information exchange between them. This greatly reduces the lead time in new product development as it avoids Re-inventing the wheel. Toyota also believes in having an overall technological development throughout their suppliers as well. It sends personnel to suppliers to compensate for greater working load. Besides that it also transfers senior working managers for top positions at their suppliers. This not only gives the suppliers greater insights to Toyotas management practices but is also a move to make the suppliers master Lean production practices initiated by Toyota. Related to flexibility, the following can be said. Since Toyota strives for a long-term relationship with its suppliers and also pursues a single-sourcing strategy for their strategic components, it does leave the OEM vulnerable for disruptions. But, the single-sourcing strategy is also a means to establish a long-term and flexible relationship with a supplier. Since each supplier shares its destiny with other suppliers and Toyota, the level of collaboration horizontally and vertically is higher. Therefore, a singly sourcing strategy itself is considered to be as hazardous, the relationship itself is far more flexible then a more economic-oriented relationship between a buyer-and-supplier. The concept of minimal production cost is so well practice that the vendor pricing is also done on Market Price Minus concept rather than Supplier Cost Plus This is basically a value analysis to the end user. By this particular move they try to provide the necessary value to the end product at minimal manufacturing cost. Besides that the production smoothening concept enables the suppliers to maintain a constant business volumes. Overall the intention of the company is to maintain long term relationships with co-operation and team work. Procurement Toyota does not partner with its suppliers just functionally but in operation terms as well. Suppliers are integral elements of Toyota. They are geographically located within 56 miles radius. A security of guaranteed order is given which enables them to produce the best quality raw materials at cheapest cost achieving economies of scale. Toyota does not believe in choosing supplier as a lowest bidder. But it believes in gradual mutual improvement. It believes in vendor creation and development. As an initiative in this direction it trains its suppliers as per required. Packaging is also given a great importance with respect to transportation efficiency. Packaging is done in medium box size and small pallets. There is a dedicated transport service. Consistent daily route and periodic route revision is provided so as to cater to even smaller requirements. Supplier Relations Toyota has a supplier partnership hierarchy in which it develops or builds relations with its suppliers. This is called as supplier partnership hierarchy. This hierarchy is as described below. Kaizen and training 6. Interlocking Structure Joint Improvement 7. Mutual Understanding and Trust Information Sharing Compatible Capabilities Control System As per this particular hierarchy what Toyota tries to achieve is create levels of responsibilities in the tiers itself along with strict cost and timing awareness. It has integrated the JIT (Just In Time) approach also Toyota can be considered as the first automobile brand that introduced a clear need for flexibility in its entire business system. Toyotas lean philosophy is not only restricted to its manufacturing system: it describes a philosophy that incorporates a collection of tools and techniques into the business processes to optimize time, human resources, assets, and productivity while improving the quality level of products and services to their customers. Currently, several automobile brands clearly recognize the strength of lean thinking in relation to increase flexibility in their supply chain activities. In the dyadic relationship between a buyer and supplier, emphasis is put on how the work can be done smoothly in order to improve quality and reduce costs. Best value procurement becomes more important instead of merely a cost-oriented approach that ensures a close relationship with suppliers. First tier suppliers are incorporated into the production development program. This means that suppliers make their own engineering decisions instead of designing on the basis of blueprints solely. Next to this, these suppliers have their own 2ndtier suppliers under itself who supply parts for these components. This ensures that the exchange of information is possible horizontally which improves the collaboration between suppliers. This collaborative aspect is of major importance in a relationship when market demand (or other influences) requ ires changes of demand in the buyer-supplier relationship. This collaborative aspect among suppliers is rather uncommon in many industries since sharing information increases the risk of losing the next bidding process among suppliers to an assembler. As a preliminary conclusion, the Toyota cases sheds light on the mix, volume, new product and delivery time aspects of flexibility in SCM. MANUFACTURING Toyota believes in continuous development by adopting lean production process and is a pioneered in TPS known as (Toyota Production System). The system is designed on Pull strategy and customer is at the prime focus in the entire production facility. It implements lean production facility which has features like Cellular layouts and could be set up in small time. It has pull scheduling emphasizing decreased wastes. Loss aversion is one of the basic feature of lean. Besides that Toyota also assures six sigma qualities. The overall result of this policy being excellent quality at low costs combined with fast response abilities. Exhibit 3 shows some key principles of Lean manufacturing by Toyota DISTRIBUTION It applies Toyota way to manage dealers based on 3 key principles Complete freedom to dealers to make decisions. It helps them invest in right things to improve. Dealers become extremely proactive because of this move Toyota believes in joint development with dealers. It believes in organic growth with dealers Competition is key to improvement Exhibit 4 shows the geographical distribution of Toyota WHAT MAKES TOYOTA DIFFERENT FROM ITS COMPETITORS? Toyota has an earthquake resilient supply chain- An pioneering initiative Toyota and other Japanese automakers were forced to halt a large portion of their production both inside and outside Japan for months after the earthquake and tsunami cut off the supply of hundreds of parts from the countrys devastated northeast. Toyota was taking three steps to fight supply chain risks that he expected would be completed in roughly five years. The first is to further standardize parts across Japanese automakers so they could share common components that could be manufactured in several locations. The second step is to ask suppliers further down the chain to hold enough inventory perhaps a few months worth for specialized components that cannot be built in more than one location, or take anti-quake measures that guarantee safety against any tremor or tsunami. Part of the second step would involve developing technology that would provide more options for parts and materials, such as substituting rare earths found mostly in China. The third step to becoming more resilient was to make each region independent in its parts procurement so that a disaster in Japan would not affect production overseas.

The State of Mind of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

The State of Mind of Hamlet    The Elizabethan play The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark is one of William Shakespeare's most popular works.   One of the possible reasons for this play's popularity is the way Shakespeare uses the character Hamlet to exemplify the complex workings of the human mind. The approach taken by Shakespeare in Hamlet has generated countless different interpretations of meaning, but it is through  Ã‚   Hamlet's struggle to confront his internal dilemma, deciding when to revenge his fathers death, that the reader becomes aware of one of the more common interpretations in Hamlet; the idea that Shakespeare is attempting to comment on the influence that one's state of mind can have on the decisions they make in life. As the play unfolds, Shakespeare uses the encounters that Hamlet must face to demonstrate the effect that one's   perspective can   have on the way the mind works. In his book Some Shakespeare Themes & An Approach to Hamlet, L.C. Knight takes notice of   Shakespeare's use   of these encounters to journey into the workings of the human mind when he writes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What we have in Hamlet is the exploration and implicit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   criticism of a particular state of mind or consciousness. In   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet, Shakespeare uses a series of encounters to reveal the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   complex state of the human mind, made up of reason, emotion,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and attitude towards the self, to allow the reader to make a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   judgment or form an opinion about fundamental aspects of human   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   life. (192)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare sets the stage for Hamlet's internal dilemma in   Act 1, Scene 5 of Hamlet when the ghost of Hamlet's father appears and   calls upon Hamlet to "revenge his foul and most unnatural murder"   (1.5.24).   It is from this point forward that Hamlet must struggle   with the dilemma of whether or not to kill Claudius, his uncle, and if   so when to actually do it.   As the play progresses, Hamlet does not   seek his revenge when the opportunity presents itself, and it is the   reasoning that Hamlet uses to justify his delay that becomes paramount   to the reader's understanding of the effect that Hamlet's mental perspective has on his situation. In order to fully understand how Hamlet's perspective plays an   important role in this play, the reader must attempt to answer the   fundamental question: Why does Hamlet procrastinate in taking revenge   on Claudius?

John Lennon :: essays research papers fc

John Lennon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  October 9, 1940, John Lennon is born into a dysfunctional family in Liverpool, England. After John’s father left him, his mother left him to stay with his Aunt Mimi. At a young age John started writing short stories. The young John Lennon was always a leader. John had his own little gang as a child in England. Nigel Whalley, a friend of John’s, said,† John was always a leader. He was the one to dare you. He never cared what he said or did.†(Corbin13). John and his friends were troublemakers; however, the only people to ever get in trouble were John’s friends and not John. Even though John Lennon died at a young age, he inspired people through his music with the Beatles, his solo career, and through his death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John’s music career began with the look. John wore tight jeans, a leather jacket, and his hair was slicked back (the â€Å"greaser† look). John idolized Elvis and Buddy Holly and the Crickets. After John begged his aunt to buy him a guitar, the first song he learned how to play was Buddy Holly’s â€Å"That’ll be the Day.† John then decided to organize his own band. He gathered up people from his â€Å"gang† in grammar school: best friend Pete Shotten, washboard; Nigel Whalley, tea-chest; Ivan Vaughan, tea-chest; Eric Griffith, guitar; Colin Hanton, drums; and Rod Davis, banjo. As the leader of the band, and the only person with any musical talent, John played lead guitar. The band, Quarrymen, was named after the school they attended. The band had a positive affect on john; he wasn’t getting in any trouble. If John were to get into trouble the band wouldn’t be able to play at school events, dances, parties, or weddings. They played popular rock ‘n’ roll songs like â€Å"Blue Suede Shoes.† John did not like to memorize the words to songs, so he often made up his own lyrics as he was going along.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A double affect of inspiration happened when Ian Vaughan introduced John to Paul McCatrney. John was impressed by Paul and he even admitted that Paul was as good at the guitar as he was. However, John wanted to be a leader and if Paul joined his band he would have to share his leadership. Then John, a few weeks later, came to his senses and asked John to join the band. Pete left the band after John smashed the washboard over his head; however, they still remained friends. Paul started writing songs and this made John jealous. This was probably a good thing, because then John started writing songs.Then they started collaborating songs and they credited them to â€Å"Lennon/McCarthy.

Tyco International Case Study Essay -- Corruption, Unethical Practices

Tyco Corporation Introduction During the course of this paper one will see addressed several issues of responsibilities that the Tyco Corporation must deal with. Some of these issues are ones that they have had to deal with quite recently. The responsibilities that one will see discussed are the legal, social and ethical issues that arise in a company that is nationally known. Legal Tyco provides products and services across the world. The company is global and diversified providing a variety of products including electronics, healthcare, fire and security services and engineered products and services. While employing over 250,000 people worldwide they grossed approximately $40 billion in revenue in the year 2005. In 2002 Tyco was involved with the corporate scandal where the management mis-appropriated corporation funds. The previous CEO Dennis Kozlowski was convicted in 2005 on 22 counts of the 23 that he was charged with. This is an example of not only a legal issue of responsibility but also one of an ethical issue that the Tyco Corporation has had to face. In the face of the legal and ethical issues that this mishap had placed the corporation in, Tyco placed Ed Breen in as chairman and CEO. Mr. Breen joined the company in 2002 after the scandal and immediately began the rebuild of the company’s name. With the appointment of Ed Breen and his changing of the company’s ethical standards (to be discussed in the next portion of the paper) he promotes the legal responsibilities of not only the company’s employees but the responsibilities of the suppliers and buyers to report any wrong doing. This reporting also speaks to the ethics of the Tyco corporation employees as well as those of the companies th... ...al or social responsibility that is owed to a community from a corporation. They have fired the CEO that was responsible for the downfall of the corporation, who is now serving a jail term for his wrong doings, and hired Ed Breen who is diligently working on changing the public’s view of the corporation. Mr. Breen understands that corporation’s worldwide need to make a commitment to do right by the community or suffer the consequences of failing the public and possibly losing business for failing them. Under his direction Tyco is continuing to make strides in regaining the publics trust and growing the company into a nationally recognized socially coconscious name. References http://www.csrwire.com/PressRelease.php?id=7166 http://www.plantservices.com/articles/2006/128.html http://www.tyco.com/TycoWeb/WWW/Documents/pdf/SuppSocRespBrochure_ENGLISH_07.pdf

Pre-Marital Sex & Role of Youth in Building a Nation

PREMARITAL SEX Premarital sex is sexual activity practiced by persons who are unmarried. Is it ok to have premarital sex? † That is a common question among teens and engaged couples. In your mind, you are probably weighing the pros and cons of premarital sex. On the positive side of the scale, there is acceptance from your peers, hope for pleasure, and the fulfillment of sexual desires. The negative side of the scale carries the weights of morals, fear of pregnancy or disease, and guilt. Premarital sex is serious moral issue confronting high school students.This isn’t to say that sexual temptations only existed in youth. But these days, being youth, they are more cut off from familial restrictions and parish supports, confronted with peer pressure that alleges, â€Å"Everyone is doing it,† and perhaps exposed to an irreligious environment. Premarital sexual relationship is an important subject – especially today. Young people are bombarded with the worldâ⠂¬â„¢s standards of morality, or immorality. The values and moral standards, which were endorsed by most Filipinos in years past, are now ridiculed and/or ignored by many.CONCLUSION Premarital sex has no moral grounds, it is against God, and it is unsafe physically and emotionally. Although sex is pleasurable, it is designed by God to be enjoyed by two married people. ROLE OF YOUTH IN BUILDING A NATION Youth† is the critical period in a person’s growth and development from the onset of adolescence towards the peak of mature, self-reliant and responsible adulthood comprising the considerable sector of the population from the age of fifteen (15) to thirty (30) years.Their attitudes, values, mind-set, and priorities will determine the development of the country in the future. As a human we have different kinds of role in the nation and one of this is to become an effective good leader, for us to have a progressive nation, we need to be a responsible person, because we canà ¢â‚¬â„¢t have a progressive nation if we’re not responsible enough, but we must begin to our selves.And in order for us to become a good leader, we must know first how to be a good follower, because we can never be a good leader if we don’t know how to be a good As a member of our community we can help building our nation. We can serve our nation by being united as we having one objections and one goal we may able to attain the works easily. We can do that by participating in any programs in our community. As a youth we can join what they called â€Å"SK† or Sanguniang Kabataan

Classical Theory Essay

The Difference Between a Classical Management Theory & a Human Relations Theory by Stacy Zeiger, Demand Media Human relations theory seeks to develop satisfied employees. Classical management theory and human relations theory represent two views of management on the opposite ends of the spectrum. One view focuses on looking at workers solely as a means to get work done, while the other focuses on developing an organization and the behaviors and motivations of employees. Most managers find that a combination of the two theories serves them best in their businesses. Ads by Google Ssangyong Korando Special New Offer On SsangYong Korando From Only R2499p/m. Enquire Online Now! www.ssangyongdeals.co.za What is Classical Management Theory? Classical management theory involves creating multiple levels of workers to improve productivity. Employees at the lowest levels find their tasks overseen by supervisors who, in turn, are overseen by managers. At every level, employees are expected to perform tasks according to specific procedures designed to maximize productivity. In addition, this theory focuses on an impersonal side of business. Employees and managers should not allow friendliness and personal interactions to become involved with the organization. Rules must be followed exactly, and the hiring and firing of employees must relate only to the skills they possess. Pros and Cons of Classical Management Theory Classical management theory is not used in many organizations because of its shortcomings. While some components of the theory, such as designing procedures for completing a task and keeping personal issues out of business, help an organization focus on the job at hand, the theory fails to recognize the differences among employees. When employee feelings and opinions are not taken into account, the business may not grow or may experience high levels of employee turnover as employees fail to develop a relationship with the business and leave in search of a more satisfying job. What is Human Relations Theory? Human relations theory, also known as behavioral management theory, focuses more on the individuals in a workplace than the rules, procedures and processes. Instead of directives coming directly from management, a human relations theory provides communication between employees and managers, allowing them to interact with one another to help make decisions. Instead of giving workers quotas and requiring certain procedures, workers are exposed to motivational and emotional tactics to get them to increase productivity. The focus of this style is creating fulfilled, productive workers and helping workers invest in a company. Pros and Cons of Human Relations Theory While many companies operate based on the human relations theory, this type of management has dangers. Companies risk workers becoming too social or easily swayed by personal emotions and opinions when making decisions, rather than relying on hard data. It may be more difficult to reprimand employees for poor performance or dismiss them once they have become invested in the company. Despite these risks, human relations theory has the potential to increase employee retention rates and productivity. As employees feel more valued by a company, they invest in that company and its greater good.

Business Organization

I started my Lawn Mowing Service as a sole proprietorship. I bought the lawn mover, edge trimmer, gasoline, and rake. I mowed neighbor’s yards. I got all the profits. If I did a bad job, or could not mow because of weather, I took a loss. I was very successful and made a lot of money and had 100 yards to tend every month. But I got tired of mowing 100 yards a month and working between 10 and 12 hour days. I needed help. I asked my parents if they would help and I would pay them half of what I made on each yard they mowed. They said: â€Å"No, we want the full amount for each yard mowed. The only way that they would be able to get the full amount is to produce their own yard service tools. If I had to provide them, I did not want to lose money for my material. We agreed to a deal that everything would be 50/50. This is when we formed a partnership. We agreed to 50/50 as they would take half the work and produce half the equipment needed. Even though it was my idea and business , 50/50 is better than no help at all and they are footing half the expenses. With this help, my business was growing faster and we were making money like crazy.With our business growing, other members of the family wanted in on the action. However, none of them wanted to actually work directly on the business as they had other jobs and did not want to work out in the heat. So, we formed a limited liability company. Each of them put up an investment, and we purchased more lawn service tools and trucks so we could easily move large mowers around town. The investment was also used to advertise the business. With having more customers now, we hired professional people what would do a great job of mowing yards and would be friendly with our customers.With having more customers, all the investors were paid back their investment and were now making a profit. At this point we were ready to expand our business to include tree service as well as landscaping. We wanted to expand so we could g et contracts with the county, city, and state to mow the grass along the highways, interstates, and county roads. To expand our business, we needed a loan. We went to the bank, but they bank said: â€Å"No. Your business is too small and you do not have any assets to cover the loan. So, we decided to form a joint-stock company and made the stockholders liable for debts. In other words, we used their houses and or vehicles as collateral. When we went back to the bank they said: â€Å"Yes, a loan is no problem. If you don't make good on the loan we'll use the collateral to repay the debt. † With the money we were ready to expand. At the last minute we decided to buy a piece of property and open up our own nursery. This now allowed our customers to come and pick out plants that they would like to see in their landscaping instead of us taking them to a competitor to purchase plants.

Personal Reflection Paper Essay

I have learned a lot of important information throughout this course of Critical and Creative Thinking. I have learned mainly what critical thinking is and how it works. I think that it is important to be a critical thinker. I am going to share with you some information that I learned during this course that helped me use critical thinking more effectively. Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. When you use critical thinking you can examine and analyze questions, issues, situations, and information of all kinds. It is important to use critical thinking because it helps you evaluate all decisions. When you are using critical thinking you are using different combinations of skills. By using critical thinking, it helps you gain a better understanding, concentrate, and deal with frustrations that are blocking your thinking. There are six different stages of critical thinking. These stages are the unreflective thinker, challenged thinker, beginner thinker, practicing thinker, and advanced thinker. It is important to know what stage you are at. By knowing what stage you are at it will help you distinguish what you need to do in order to move to the next stage. In the beginning of this course I placed myself as a stage one thinker, the unreflective thinker. I placed myself here because I was deceiving myself about the effectiveness of my thinking. I always thought that my thinking was fine. I had not identified the problems that were affecting my thinking. Since taking this course I would have to identify myself as the practicing thinker. I know that I am still not where I need to be but I am continuing to push myself to practice. I have realized that practice is a must and I am  not giving up. In order to move to the next stage, the advanced thinker, I have got to see that practicing has made me a better thinker. I also have to keep at practicing even when I get tired of practicing and lose my motivation. One important thing that I learned during this course is the difference between an issue and a problem. A problem is a situation that you regard as unacceptable, and an issue is a matter in which people disagree on to some extent. I always looked at everything as a problem. It is important to distinguish between the two so that you know how to approach it and solve it. You have to use your critical thinking in order to identify the problem or issue and know how to come up with a solution. To solve a problem you have to figure out what action to take that is the best way to change the situation. When you are resolving an issue you have to decide what viewpoint is more reasonable. I also learned three key strategies that can help stimulate my imagination. These three key strategies are use free association, visualize the solution, and construct pro and con arguments. There are other strategies but these are the three that best suite me. It is important to use imagination because it helps you to be more open minded. In order to be a critical thinker you have to be open minded. By being open minded it helps you to look at all possibilities. It also helps you considered other people’s thoughts and opinions. It is always important to consider other people’s ideas and opinions because there is always room for improvement. I had to realize that I am not always right and that I do not know everything in order to be more open minded. I have learned a lot in this course as you can see. This is just a summary of what all I have learned. I think this course will help me be a more effective writer and thinker. I am going to keep on practicing until I reach the stage of master thinker. Even when I have reached that final stage I am going to continue to practice and use critical thinking. As we learned in this course, â€Å"We can always use room for improvement.† I think that this course is an important course to help you be able to succeed. I have really  enjoyed this class and I have learned a lot. References: The Art of Thinking: A guide to Critical and Creative thought, Tenth Edition, By Vincent Ryan Ruggiero

Importance of communication in CT scan unit Essay

Importance of communication in CT scan unit - Essay Example Communication helps patients ask questions and gives CT technologists the platform to explain the procedure to them and their families while it enables the CT technologists make informed decisions alongside physicians and other medical professionals. Therefore, with the importance of communication in the CT scan unit not in question, this paper will discuss the methods of communication the CT technologists use. The CT scan unit is a formal working environment but the nature of interactions that take place there necessitate more than formal communication methods (Acuff, Bradley & Osborne, 2014). However, the most prominent methods used include written communication such letters, email and memos; oral communication such formal briefings and phone calls; online communications; scientific communication; and face-to-face communication, which entails the largest portion informal communication. All these have a common objective to communicate needs in a timely manner and remain clear, avoid repetitions, be concise and, most importantly, minimize anxiety and trauma. This type of communication remains the most prominent in the formal setup. Its significance is more emphasized in communications because CT technologists and their colleagues, physicians and medical professionals. One of the primary responsibilities of CT technologists is receiving and responding to orders from physicians as well as departmental protocols, and email and internal memos serve this function effectively. For example, email will enable CT technologists to exchange information and pass and receive messages between themselves and their team members without any of them leaving their work stations. Although the CT technologist will have an interpersonal form of communication with the patient, written communication prior to the procedure will prepare both patients and their families for what is coming (Beukelman & Ray, 2010). Written communications,

Rapid Response to Deteriorating Adult Patient Essay

Rapid Response to Deteriorating Adult Patient - Essay Example From this essay it is clear that  the development of a comprehensive program for the identification and detection of primary causal and contributory factors for the observed adult patient deterioration is imperative for the reduction of mortality rates associated with deterioration of acutely unwell patients. Although studies indicate the occurrence of patient deterioration at any duration of patient illness, identification of pathophysiological factors related to patient deterioration and subsequently mitigation measures may prevent the culmination of patient state to death.  Ã‚  This study outlines that the fundamental remedial measures for the deterioration of adult patients should be focused on the development,assessment, and implementation of effective medical care and practices that would offer optimal care to acutely unwell patients. This present essay is aimed at the identification, development and improvement of health care delivery to acutely unwell patients to prevent the occurrence of patient's health deteriorates through implementation of a rapid response deterioration adult patient program.  Deterioration of adult patients has been associated with the occurrence of physiological abnormalities in patients that are recognizable by medical professionals. Deterioration of adult patients has often been preceded with observable pathophysiological factors which could range from changes in patient vital signs, deterioration of consciousness and oxygenation in the case of patients suffering from cardiorespiratory arrest.

Crimes against Property, People, and Public Order Term Paper - 1

Crimes against Property, People, and Public Order - Term Paper Example nt in the case of kidnapping is that there should be a movement of the victim, the distance being immaterial although the laws have tired to distinguish kidnapping with other kinds of criminal acts like rape, assault or robbery wherein a certain degree of movement is also perceptible. Next, coming to the classification of this crime, it is indeed a crime against a person, or people, because what is being done in the case of kidnapping is the forceful movement of a person from one place to another, against his or her free will or consent. The crime is against the person and not against property or public order, although these aspects could also form additional facets of kidnapping. However, in most cases, kidnapping is seen as a crime against a person. In the People v. Chessman case, the question of kidnapping is highlighted. Caryl Chessman was a noted criminal with a major track record and had spent most of his adult life in jail. At that time, under Californian Little Lindbergh laws , any crime that also involved kidnapping with physical harm was considered a capital offense and warranted the death penalty. One of his crimes relates to dragging a young girl a short distance from her car. The courts felt that this movement of a short distance was enough to invoke kidnapping laws and thus made Chessman liable for the death penalty. â€Å"The jury verdicted that one of the kidnapping counts included bodily harm of the victim. Under Californias "Little Lindbergh" law passed in 1933, in cases involving kidnapping with bodily harm the sentence was either life in prison without possibility of parole or death. The jury did not recommend mercy, so death in the gas chamber was the automatic sentence for Chessman† (Chessman 1958). Next, it is necessary to come to the aspect of first degree murder. This involves the deliberate and planned snuffing out of the life of another person with wicked intentions. The mens rea of first degree murder is premeditated and calculated

Pesticide Use and Environmental Change in Rachel Carson's The Research Paper

Pesticide Use and Environmental Change in Rachel Carson's The Obligation to Endure - Research Paper Example Specifically, in The Obligation to Endure, Rachel Carson cites some destructive human activities that cause environmental change. For one, Carson emphasized that the use of pesticide to increase agricultural productivity inflicts more harm to nature than benefits. In the article, Carson’s arguments on environmental change and pesticide use are interesting, considering that these delve on the distinct relationship between human beings and their environment. Accordingly, this paper attempts to fulfill threefold goals in relation to Carson’s article. First is the identification of the existing environmental changes today; second is the analysis of the role of human beings concerning those environmental changes; third is the discussion of the long-term and short term effects of pesticide use, and lastly, the identification of possible solutions that may help recover the vitality of the environment. To attain those objectives, this research also makes use of existing scholar ly articles concerning the topic to support its arguments; books and web articles are used to attain further background about Rachel Carson and her environmental advocacies. Article Overview Rachel Carson, one of America’s most prominent marine biologists, may be considered the most influential woman in the field of environmental studies and ecological policy. Doell mentions that her contribution to the field of science and politics, although indirectly, is attributable to her write-ups in Silent Spring, particularly about the â€Å"aggressive backlash from the agricultural chemical industry† (113). Silent Spring is a collection of essays about industrialization, human activity, and its influence on the changing features of the environment, particularly on the â€Å"war on weeds† (Paull 37). Specifically, in The Obligation to Endure, Carson highlights that pesticide use is the most environmentally damaging of all human activities; she also discusses the existing environmental policies on pesticide use. Aside from this, Carson also discusses the temporary and permanent impact of pesticide use on both humanity and the environment. In reading the article, one can say that Carson’s argument on genetic flexibility and adaptability is the most interesting topics in the article. With those two topics, Carson was able to explain the long-term and short term effects of pesticide use on the physiological features of humans, insects, and other organisms. In the article, Carson explains how the synthetic, toxic chemicals contained in pesticides alter the natural genetic makeup of human beings and insects, which also drives further changes in the environment. Although Carson posits, in the last paragraphs of the article, that she does not intend to discourage the use of pesticides, she also contends that human beings should be more watchful when using products that are based on synthetic chemicals. She emphasized the necessity of knowing the imp act of chemical-based products while putting the responsibility of educating the public on biologically damaging products on the hands of government officials and the private sector. Consequently, the article may be considered a parable of human existence and a warning to the people,

Quantitative data analysis report based on an independent analysis of Statistics Project

Quantitative data analysis report based on an independent analysis of a large data set of regional economic and social indicators from France and Italy (NUTS2) - Statistics Project Example The sample proportion of France indicated mean for participation rates (M= 100.8, SD=1.6) was significant ≠¥ high tech employments (M = 4.3, SD =1.4), t(20) = 257.4 p =000. Thus we reject null hypothesis as p The indication from the Tables, Italy, is that, at difference of (m = 95.2, sd = 3.8), t(18) = 110 p At 97.7% variance of GDP (2008) the is accounted for the linear combination, with a positive linear coefficient correlation of .99. The bivariate coefficient indicates p There is a highly linear correlation at R2 = 98.2 % of the variance of GDP in the linear equation. P-value GDP of a country is market value per year of all goods and services produced in the country. The value does not include the goods and services produced in other countries (Tucker, 2013). Thus the GDP of a country can measure of the wealth of a nation. The Western Europe countries of Italy and France have a high potential in high tech sectors in that France has a high tech patent rights that contribute a lot in the GDP of the France, where as Italy has more sectors that employ more people in high tech sectors. The education plays the main part in developing the cognitive, physical and social skills. The 4 year old kid develop skills by participating in schools activities thus increasing the enjoyment in leisure, reading books, understanding jokes and playing games (O’Sullivan,

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER - Essay Example red that he yielded too much power and that he was a danger to their rule and most of the rulers chose to make him as an enemy rather than an asset to their rule as they believed that he was there to overtake. Furthermore, the scribes from the synagogues were also opposed to his teachings since he condemned most of the self-righteous selfish acts that they committed (Voragine). The painting was done by oil on a canvas and the image size is 600 by 398 centimeters. There is a man in the middle who is most likely Jesus Christ and he is wearing a robe with no headgear unlike the other men in the picture. The other men look as though they are condemning the man in the middle for one reason or another. The most likely cause for the ridicule seems to be the woman in the painting as Christ was supposed to be chaste at the time and he being with a woman went contrary to his teachings. The Jews spared no effort to make him look and feel guilty or find fault in him and every action that Christ did was met with criticism and harsh judgment. The painting was done by oil which makes it more colorful and more permanent including making the work look more real and it is so much easier to see the expressions of the faces of the people in the picture. It is also so much easier to see the kind of clothing that the people had worn and through the clothing, it is so much easier to tell the culture of the people and the things that they value over the others. Oil also makes the paint more permanent as it does not get washed away very easily. The variety of colors that paint offers is also magnificent as it is so much easier to differentiate people. The emotion in the picture is brought out and the people look as if they are about to lynch the man in the middle and the woman while the woman seems to be very afraid to be the only woman in the presence of men. Going by what was happening at the time, it could be said that maybe she was sent by some high power so that she could tempt

Nationalism in German History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nationalism in German History - Essay Example And this was the nationalism period of Germany. The Congress of Vienna restored a Germany comprising thirty-nine states. Before 1789 these states had numbered over two hundred. At first glance it seemed that the 1815 arrangement was a move towards simplification and unity, but this was only an appearance (Hagen & Sarah 1991, pg. x). For one thing, many of the thirty-nine states were in possession of more territory after 1815 than they had ever had before, and they were far more interested in maintaining these gains than in any schemes for a single German government in which their own identity might be lost. Germany after 1815 was still a much divided country (pg. xi). This division of Germany exactly suited the aims of the Austrian Chancellor, Metternich, who had a decisive voice in the settlement. Austria could control a disunited Germany far more easily than a united one. While the German princes were divided by political jealously and distrust, the Austrians would have no united opposition to their policies and could exert a decisive influence in the affairs of Germany. An assembly for the whole Germany was created after 1815, but this was by no means an effective German parliament. It represented the princes, not the people, of Germany, and was not in any way elected by popular vote (Martin 2000, pg. 49). The Diet of the German Confederation met at Frankfurt and consisted of 17 members (pg. 50). Eleven of the big states had one member each, and various groups of the smaller states each had one member. Metternich secured the permanent presidency of the Diet for Austria, a position to be discussed and the procedure to be adopted (pg. 39). The Diet did discuss in 1816 the creation of a single Germany, but nothing came of these discussions, mainly because of jealousy between the states, and especially between the two largest states, Austria and Prussia. A scheme for the building of Federal fortresses for the defence of Germany was also abandoned. Lastly, whenever fundamental laws of the Confederation or the Federative Act itself were to be enacted, th e Diet was expanded into a General Assembly of 69 members (pg. 30). Those elements in Germany who had looked forward to real unity, the Nationalists, were intensely disappointed by this state of affairs. The Liberals, who had hoped at least for elected parliaments and governments responsible to the people in each of the German states, leading on to a united Liberal Germany, were also frustrated. A certain number of the German princes did introduce more liberal forms of government, especially in Bavaria where in 1818 a parliament was set up which represented the peasants, townspeople and nobles, and also in Baden, Wurttemberg and Saxe-Weimar (James 1990). But the great majority of thirty-nine states were governed by their princes in alliance with a highly privileged class of nobility, and politically the middle and peasant classes were ignored (James 1990). It must not be thought that the majority of German people were clamouring at this time either for Liberalism or Nationalism in Germany (James 1990). There were scarcely interested. Liberalism had its strongest hold amongst the intellectual class of writers, poets, scholars, university professors, lecturers and students. In the universities of Germany a number of student movements developed in these years, such as the Gymnastic Clubs and Students' Unions or Burschenschaften2,