International Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - Case Study Example 'The art of living well' philosophy has history, tradition, elegance with modernity and Asians like to buy such lifestyles. Arnault, with his exclusive talent for spotting creative capability, will find extraordinarily talented Asians who could expand his creative store. Artists, frequent travellers, appreciators of arts, connoisseurs and admirers of modernity will fall into the hireable category. Arnault will not find either the market or the expanded business too overwhelming to handle but the first requirement would be to learn the industrial culture of the market place. Industrial culture is usually linked with national culture. "National culture consists of the distinctive shared values, attitudes, assumptions, beliefs and norms of the inhabitants of a nation which guide their behaviourIndustry culture can be defined as the values attitudes, assumptions, beliefs and norms that influence the ways in which the firms in a particular industry conduct their business," Stonehouse (2004, p.53). Getting into an unknown market always poses daunting problems. In addition to the other usual problems, there are already players in the field who have established themselves by now. "On the face of it, the disadvantages of being a late entrant seem overwhelming. Management thinkers concluded long ago that the dominance of today's global giants is rooted in their first-mover status," Bartlet et al (2004, p.85). Still for a person of Arnault's reputation, strategic moves should be easier than others. Arnault has to go into global strategic management in a culturally diversified field. His strategy should be for change and globalisation with a difference. He is already an expert in managing across borders with new organisational responses. Now he has to adopt a strategy of business in a world of nations disregarding the stereotyped myths. He has to inculcate new values, morality and strategic ethics into the branching out portion of his business so that it could meet the cultural needs and profile of Eastern nations. There should be a new manifesto for management and leadership in a new environment. There should be strategic training for prospective staff about the cultural, educational and business background of the Asian countries. It will be a diversified organisation with many Asians being part of the workforce and they should be handled by managers who have knowledge and expertise in ways of discussion, negotiation, socialisation, beliefs, trusts, all-pervading religions, and should understand the difference between Western and Eastern values and customs. Marketing and establishing the brand name, advertising and presenting have to incorporate some differences so as to meet the Eastern approval. The manager has to adopt a certain amount of work cultural elasticity to accommodate people from other backgrounds which will make it easier to understand their ways of marketing, impression creating, using their brand ambassadors (Sub-continent would admire a Kareena Kapoor selling the handbag instead of Nicole Kidman!), their timings and business events etc. With all those precautions, every move cannot be predetermined and the manager has to

The Fault in Our Stars Essay Example for Free

The Fault in Our Stars Essay The fault in our Stars, the fifth successful novel by the author John Green, is a story about two fictional characters by the names of Hazel Grace Lancaster and Augustus Waters. It is a romance about the two teens that just happen to meet at a cancer support group. Hazel, the leading woman protagonist, has cancer and Augustus had cancer. Augustus having cancer explains why he came to the support group with Isaac; a one eyed mutual friend of theirs that eventually has surgery to have his eye removed which will free him from cancer. Augustus falls in love with Hazel despite her having cancer, and Hazel falls in love with him, even after a devastating reveal that Augustus’ cancer has returned. So despite them both having cancer, they still love each other unconditionally, and they would’ve been together at an old age until death did them part if it weren’t for Augustus’s death literally â€Å"doing them part† â€Å"You have to understand that Hazel is still sick, Augustus, and will be for the rest of her life.† (pg._p_) This is what Hazel’s dad says to Augustus when they first meet, so it is pretty clear to Augustus that Hazel won’t be able to do a lot of the things he is able to, because she is sick and he is not (at the moment). Later proof of them being in love is when Hazel goes to the hospital due to poor oxygenation. â€Å"Well, there’s a kid who has hardly left the waiting room since you got here,† (pg._p_) This is what Hazel’s nurse tells her when Hazel wakes up. It turns out that Augustus stays in the hospital waiting room all day and night until he can finally see her. He could’ve easily got scared and run away, but he stayed and was there for her through it all. The last reason why I know that Augustus was in love with hazel is because of The Genies. The Genies are a book version of the Make-A-Wish foundation created to give cancer patients one wish. After being disappointed that she couldn’t afford to go to Amsterdam to meet her favorite author, Peter Van Houten, Augustus suggests that she used her wish. Unfortunately, she had already used her wish on Disney world (â€Å"I can’t believe I have a crush on a girl with such clichà © wishes† said Augustus on (p.g. _p_) they both saw this as a joke since it’s so clichà ©) when she was 13, so Augustus offered that  they both used his. Augustus basically used HIS wish for her! Even after she had complications with seeing if she could go or not since one of her doctors decided it wasn’t safe, Augustus held through. He discovered firsthand something that would affect their relationship because of her cancer, and he didn’t give up on them. Besides Augustus, Hazel had her love moments as well. After she found out that Augustus’ Cancer was back, she did not leave him. One of my favorite quotes in the book is this: â€Å"What am I at war with? My cancer. And what is my cancer? My cancer is me. The tumors are made of me. They’re made of me as surely as my brain and my heart are made of me. It is a civil war, Hazel Grace, with a predetermined winner.† (p.g. _p_) There’s one part that gets to me in this book. It takes place when Augustus gets super sick and it is predictable that he will die very soon. Augustus like keeping a pack of cigarettes in his pocket all the time and he occasionally puts one in his mouth, never lighting it. â€Å"Its a metaphor, see: You put the killing thing right between your teeth, but you dont give it the power to do its killing. (p.g. _p_) One night, Hazel receives a panicked call from him, telling her to come help him. When she arrives at the location he tells her, she finds him covered in his own vomit, hands pressed to his belly where his g-tube was supposed to go. He was trying to buy another pack of cigarettes because he had lost his, but it was clear he couldn’t do anything for himself anymore. At that moment, they both knew that the end was near. Hazel knew it was coming and she stuck with him until the moment she got the phone call telling her it was over. If neither of them had cancer, there is absolutely no doubt that they would be together until the very end. They were in love with each other despite all of their obstacles. I recommend this book to anyone who’s up for laughter, tears, and for whoever likes sappy romances. John Green did well once more.

The Evolution of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay

The Evolution of Euthanasia      Ã‚   This essay will investigate the evolution of the practice of euthanasia in the one country that has promoted it steadfastly for some years. The surprising result of my studies for this essay is the revelation that the Netherlands' practice of euthanasia has become so liberalized that it is no longer recognizable as the same program that was originally legislated.    Euthanasia in the Netherlands has gone from requiring terminal illness to no physical illness at all, from physical suffering to depression only, from conscious patients to unconscious, from those who can consent to those who cannot, and from being a measure of last resort to one of early intervention. Although respect for patient autonomy is the main ethical argument in favor of euthanasia, power has passed almost exclusively into doctors' hands. Patient autonomy has been subverted by the unprecedented rights given by the courts to doctors to decide the fate of patients.    The public era of euthanasia in the Netherlands began in 1973, [1] when two significant events occurred. A government commission reported that the ban on active euthanasia should remain, and a doctor, after admitting killing her sick mother who wanted to die, was found guilty, and given a suspended sentence. Evidence was tendered that she had only done what was already commonly, though unofficially, done by many doctors. The court announced several conditions which, in its view, would justify the active killing of a patient. In 1981 and 1983, two courts reached similar conclusions.    A State Commission on Euthanasia decided in 1982, [2] that 'a doctor who terminates the life of a patient at the latter's expressed and serious desir... ...t of The Remmelink Report and the van der Maas Study in Euthanasia, in Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law. Ed Gormally L. The Linacre Centre 1994. p 219-240. 12. Id. p 230. 13. Pijnenborg L, van der Maas PJ, van Delden JJM, Looman CWN. Life terminating acts without explicit request of patient. Lancet 1993; 341: 1196-1199. 14. Van Delden JJM, Pijnenborg L, van der Maas PJ. The Remmelink Report; Two Years Later. Hastings Cent Rep 1993; Nov/Dec 24-27. 15. Fenigsen R. The Netherlands; New Regulations Concerning Euthanasia. Issues Law Med 1993; 9: 167-171. 16. Id. p 170. 17. van der Wal G, van der Maas PJ, Bosma JM, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Willems DL et al. Evaluation of the Notification Procedure for Physician-Assisted Death in the Netherlands. New Eng J Med. 1996; 335: 1706-1711. 18. Mark Ludlow. Canberra Times. 17 November 1996.

Did Charlemagne deserve the title “Great”? Essay

A great ruler is a different concept for different people. It can include great skill in battle, or great administration strategy. www.dictionary.com Explains Great as:1.Powerful; influential: one of the great nations of the West. 2.Eminent; distinguished: a great leader. 3.Grand; aristocratic. Charlemagne was a ruler who ruled over the Frankish Empire in the middle-dark ages. Many historians regard him as great, for he did many things for the Christian Religion. We do not specifically know when Charlemagne was called great. Charlemagne was an accomplished conqueror and good with bribes. In one sense, Charlemagne did more than just restore the empire. He added to it which Roman arms never reached (64, The Times: Illustrated History of Medieval Europe, Felipe Fernandez-Armando). From this source, we can tell that Charlemagne was an accomplished conqueror, which could be considered as great. Charlemagne conquered many new lands, and he took over Saxony, a huge piece of land, with tough, strong people. This would make Charlemagnes court admire him, for the far-reaches of his empire would bring them riches and wealth. He could then use this new-found wealth to shower the Catholic Church with money and riches. Einhard wrote: He provided [it] with a great number of vessels of gold and silver. It seems (for we do not know for certain when this title was given) as though the title great was given by the Catholic Church for they admired Charlemagne as he had helped defend and spread Christianity. This would lead the Catholic Church to think that he was great. Charlemagne tried to revive the old Roman ways of Law, standardization, learning and hygiene. Charlemagne was also the creator of the Carolingian Renaissance. He revitalised learning in the courts, took interest in books and made sure that all the books of earlier generations were kept for the future. This would give the scholars a reason to call Charlemagne great, for  he had revived learning from a period of Darkness where learning was forgotten and thrown away. Charlemagnes rule marked the end of the Dark ages, and the middle ages had begun. With this, Charlemagne also standardised currency using silver, while earlier there were many different types making the country run amok in confusion. He could have been called great from historians later on, who would consider this a great feat. Charlemagne could be a cruel and harsh ruler. He had many Saxons massacred in his campaign for Saxony, and he did not see it as either cruel or harsh. The Catholic Church approved of this, for the massacred Saxons were not Christian, and the Catholic Church had been earlier bribed. This was not a great thing from Charlemagne, in the Saxons eyes, for it was an unnecessary and costly move to massacre them. In summary, Charlemagne did deserve the title great, for he revived (to an extent) learning, standardization and law. He had also conquered many different lands for the Frankish empire. To many people, Charlemagne was a bad ruler, but even though he had been cruel and harsh, his good achievements overshadow his cruel times. Therefore, Charlemagne deserved the title great. Bibliography McGrath, F. (n.d.). The Longevity of The Saxon Wars [Adobe PDF]. RetrievedNovember 18, 2008, from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/studentlife/e-journal/McGrath.pdfReference Source Armesto, F. F. (Ed.). (n.d.). Illustrated History of Europe. Times Books. great. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 17, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/greatFearns, J. (2008, November 17). Year 8 History. Lecture presented at ChineseInternational School, 2406. Economic and Legal Reforms. (2008, November 2). Carolingian Renaissance. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from Wikipedia Web site:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_RenaissanceMacMullen, R. (1997). Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to EighthCenturies. Yale University Press. (Original work published 1997)

Compare and contrast the ways in which Carol Ann Duffy presents female characters

Compare and contrast the ways in which Carol Ann Duffy presents female characters in ‘The World's Wife'. The Worlds Wife is a joyous collection of poems about women which was published in 1999, which are given a voice in society as the original stories/myths gave women no say. The poems features biblical, mythical and historical which are very well known. All the poems are dramatic monologues in a feminist approach. Most poems are seen as witty, interesting and hilarious.The main themes shown in ‘The Worlds Wife’ are marriage, homosexuality, birth and relationships In the poems Delilah and Red Cap, we explore the themes female dominance, determination and manipulation, as they go to desperate measures to get what they want. In Little Red Cap Duffy presents presents how young female characters will go to unimaginable measures to get what they need. ‘sweet sixteen, never been, babe, waif, bought me a drink’ The vulnerability and courage she has to get wh at she wants, that Little Red Cap needs to know the wolfs tricks and tips for her own career.In Delilah Duffy also presents how she needs to go through certain strengths and certain actions to be able get her way and manipulate him ‘He fucked me again until he was sore’. Duffy shows in order for Delilah to get what she wants she needs to give her knowledge in love and ‘how to care’. Also the reader has acknowledgement of how it relates to the biblical story. Delilah and Little Red Cap both show that the female gains power, as the poems show verse gender roles. The reader explores how in both poems Delilah and Little Red Cap have to hurt their lover in some way.‘I took an axe to the wolf as he slept, one chop, scrotum to throat’. This quote is shows how Little Red Cap is now independent and does not need a man to be able to live a good life, also the quote shows the wolf had no compassion to help Little Red Cap and she had now realised this afte r ‘10 years’, also in Delilah Duffy presents how Delilah now has power to make her lover feel equal and to be just as strong as she is. ‘Then with passionate deliberate hands I cut every lock of his hair.’The biblical story of Delilah and Samson tells how Delilah betrayed Samson by cutting his hair, as the hair gave Samson the power he needed to be able to fight against the beasts, Duffy presents this point in a different view, from Delilah’s side and how she thought what she was doing was actually benefiting him, as Samson wanted to care and be afraid. Duffy gives Delilah an innocent, loving character twisting what actually happens in Delilah and Samson. In both poems ‘Little Red Cap’ and ‘Delilah’ they both cut something of their lovers body, showing that the women have gained power by mentally and physically hurting the men.In the poems ‘Mrs Rip Van Winkle’ & ‘Penelope’ Duffy explores how woman c an enjoy and be fulfilled without male presence. ‘Mrs Rip Van Winkle’ can finally relax and be herself ‘I sank like a stone†¦and gave up exercise’ Duffy adds humour with light comedy housewives can relate to. The quote shows how ‘Mrs Rip Van Winkle’ can now indulge and let herself go, as she doesn’t have anyone to impress. Her husband sleeps and she is free from having to please him.. ‘And while he slept I found some hobbies for myself Painting. Seeing the sights I’d always dreamed about.’ Duffy emphasises’ how before when Mr Rip Van Winkle was awake, he had dominance over her, as she delicately picked the verb ‘dreamed’ as the male had been very dominant before falling asleep not giving her opportunities she would have thought to be able to do when she had been married. Her husband sounds like a very boring man that views women as objects as she had no way of travelling the world until he was fast asleep. In contrast Penelope starts off with needing male companionship and ending with independence and lost love.‘At first I looked along the road hoping to see him saunter home’ Duffy makes Penelope a dependent, loving female who has devoted her life to her husband as she cannot live without him. ‘At first’ implies that Penelope will later on give up on waiting for her husband, and that she will find something else to do that is wiser with her time. The fast that Carol Ann Duffy uses ‘hoping’ shows that her lover isn’t coming back home any time soon, or she would have used a verb that made the audience more certain. We see as the poem goes on that Penelope starts to gain self-fulfilment by creating a hobby for her in order to forget her husband.‘Thinking to amuse myself†¦running after childhood’s bouncing ball’ Penelope now has the freedom to finally do what she wants to like Mrs Rip Van Winkle by being creative and not having a male companion. Penelope uses her skill of embroidery as an escape for not worrying or caring about her husband, she finally feels free and liberated, which shows how her husband had affected her lifestyle. In both poems ‘Anne Hathaway and ‘The Devils’ Wife’ we see how women can be in such awe by their male equivalent that they are misguided by the flaws every other person can see.In Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare’s wife feels so grateful for something that is pretty normal and not much of a gift to other people. ‘my widows head as he held me upon that next best bed’ The humour in this poem is seen as a significant concept as of how love-struck Anne Hathaway is seen in Carol Ann Duffy’s view of Shakespeare’s fancy gift to his wife. Duffy represents Anne Hathaway as quite a delusional character and who is not smart enough to realise how much of an uncaring person Shakespeare is towards her.‘In â⠂¬ËœAnne Hathaway', readers are shown that Hathaway, the suppressed and often forgotten wife of play write William Shakespeare, is content with being left his ‘second best bed' in Shakespeare's will. As well as in ‘The devils Wife’ we are shown how much Myra Hindley will do to be able to catch and feel Ian Brady’s love. ‘I’d lay on my bed at home, on fire for him. ’ Even though she knew what her morals were, just for Ian she would go to such extremes to be respected and loved by him, even if her dignity was lost and was seen as disgusting she had done it in awe of her lover Ian Brady.She is not remorseful as she knows Ian Brady is her lover, so she becomes very submissive and looks up to him in awe. In conclusion the main themes expressed in Carol Ann Duffys ‘The Worlds Wife’ are linked with her views on feminism and how Women should be just as equal to Men, emphasising how Females need a voice in society too, Carol Ann Duff y uses humour and factual reference to get the reader’s attention. [1]- â€Å"Small Female Skull: Patriarchy and Philosophy In the Poetry of Carol Ann Duffy† in the Poetry of Carol Ann Duffy ‘Choosing Tough Words' edited by Angelica Michelis and Antony Rowland.

World War I - Middle East and Africa Campaigns

World War I - Middle East and Africa Campaigns As World War I descended across Europe in August 1914, it also saw fighting erupt across the colonial empires of the belligerents. These conflicts typically involved smaller forces and with one exception resulted in the defeat and capture of Germanys colonies. Also, as the fighting on the Western Front stagnated in to trench warfare, the Allies sought secondary theaters for striking at the Central Powers. Many of these targeted the weakened Ottoman Empire and saw the spread of fighting to Egypt and the Middle East. In the Balkans, Serbia, who had played a key role in starting of the conflict, was ultimately overwhelmed leading to a new front in Greece. War Comes to the Colonies Formed in early 1871, Germany was a later comer to the competition for empire. As a result, the new nation was forced to direct its colonial efforts towards the less preferred parts of Africa and the islands of the Pacific. While German merchants began operations in Togo, Kamerun (Cameroon), South-West Africa (Namibia), and East Africa (Tanzania), others were planting colonies in Papua, Samoa, as well as the Caroline, Marshall, Solomon, Mariana, and Bismarck Islands. In addition, the port of Tsingtao was taken from the Chinese in 1897. With the outbreak of war in Europe, Japan elected to declare war on Germany citing its obligations under the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1911. Moving quickly, Japanese troops seized the Marianas, Marshalls, and Carolines. Transferred to Japan after the war, these islands became a key part of its defensive ring during World War II. While the islands were being captured, a 50,000-man force was dispatched to Tsingtao. Here they conducted a classic siege with the aid of British forces and took the port on November 7, 1914. Far to the south, Australian and New Zealand forces captured Papua and Samoa. Battling for Africa While the German position in the Pacific was quickly swept away, their forces in Africa mounted a more vigorous defense. Though Togo was swiftly taken on August 27, British and French forces encountered difficulties in Kamerun. Though possessing greater numbers, the Allies were hampered by distance, topography, and climate. While initial efforts to capture the colony failed, a second campaign took the capital at Douala on September 27. Delayed by weather and enemy resistance, the final German outpost at Mora was not taken until February 1916. In South-West Africa, British efforts were slowed by the need to put down a Boer revolt before crossing the border from South Africa. Attacking in January 1915, South African forces advanced in four columns on the German capital at Windhoek. Taking the town on May 12, 1915, they compelled the colonys unconditional surrender two months later. The Last Holdout Only in German East Africa was the war to last the duration. Though the governors of East Africa and British Kenya wished to observe a pre-war understanding exempting Africa from hostilities, those within their borders clamored for war. Leading the German Schutztruppe (colonial defense force) was Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. A veteran imperial campaigner, Lettow-Vorbeck embarked on a remarkable campaign which saw him repeatedly defeat larger Allied forces. Utilizing African soldiers known as askiris, his command lived off the land and conducted an ongoing guerilla campaign. Tying down increasingly large numbers of British troops, Lettow-Vorbeck suffered several reverses in 1917 and 1918, but was never captured. The remnants of his command finally surrendered after the armistice on November 23, 1918, and Lettow-Vorbeck returned to Germany a hero. The Sick Man at War On August 2, 1914, the Ottoman Empire, long known as the Sick Man of Europe for its declining power, concluded an alliance with Germany against Russia. Long courted by Germany, the Ottomans had worked to re-equip their army with German weapons and used the Kaisers military advisors. Utilizing the German battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau, both of which had been transferred to Ottoman control after escaping British pursuers in the Mediterranean, Minister of War Enver Pasha ordered naval attacks against Russian ports on October 29. As a result, Russia declared war on November 1, followed by Britain and France four days later. With the beginning of hostilities, General Otto Liman von Sanders, Ever Pashas chief German advisor, expected the Ottomans to attack north into the Ukrainian plains. Instead, Ever Pasha elected to assault Russia through the mountains of the Caucasus. In this area the Russians advanced first gaining ground as the Ottoman commanders did not wish to attack in the severe winter weather. Angered, Ever Pasha took direct control and was badly defeated in the Battle of Sarikamis in December 1914/January 1915. To the south, the British, concerned about ensuring the Royal Navys access to Persian oil, landed the 6th Indian Division at Basra on November 7. Taking the city, it advanced to secure Qurna. The Gallipoli Campaign Contemplating the Ottoman entry into the war, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill developed a plan for attacking the Dardanelles. Using the ships of the Royal Navy, Churchill believed, partially due to faulty intelligence, that the straits could be forced, opening the way for a direct assault on Constantinople. Approved, the Royal Navy had three attacks on the straits turned back in February and early March 1915. A massive assault on March 18 also failed with the loss of three older battleships. Unable to penetrate the Dardanelles due to Turkish mines and artillery, the decision was made to land troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula to remove the threat (Map). Entrusted to General Sir Ian Hamilton, the operation called for landings at Helles and farther north at Gaba Tepe. While the troops at Helles were to push north, the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps was to push east and prevent the retreat of the Turkish defenders. Going ashore on April 25, Allied forces took heavy losses and failed to achieve their objectives. Battling on Gallipolis mountainous terrain, Turkish forces under Mustafa Kemal held the line and fighting stalemated into trench warfare. On August 6, a third landing at Sulva Bay was also contained by the Turks. After a failed offensive in August, fighting quieted as the British debated strategy (Map). Seeing no other recourse, the decision was made to evacuate Gallipoli and the last Allied troops departed on January 9, 1916. Mesopotamia Campaign In Mesopotamia, British forces successfully repelled an Ottoman attack at Shaiba on April 12, 1915. Having been reinforced, the British commander, General Sir John Nixon, ordered Major General Charles Townshend to advance up the Tigris River to Kut and, if possible, Baghdad. Reaching Ctesiphon, Townshend encountered an Ottoman force under Nureddin Pasha on November 22. After five days of inconclusive fighting, both sides withdrew. Retreating to Kut-al-Amara, Townshend was followed by Nureddin Pasha who laid siege to the British force on December 7. Several attempts were made to lift the siege in early 1916 with no success and Townshend surrendered on April 29 (Map). Unwilling to accept defeat, the British dispatched Lieutenant General Sir Fredrick Maude to retrieve the situation. Reorganizing and reinforcing his command, Maude began a methodical offensive up the Tigris on December 13, 1916. Repeatedly outmaneuvering the Ottomans, he retook Kut and pressed towards Baghdad. Defeating Ottoman forces along the Diyala River, Maude captured Baghdad on March 11, 1917. Maude then halted in the city to reorganize his supply lines and avoid the summer heat. Dying of cholera in November, he was replaced by General Sir William Marshall. With troops being diverted from his command to expand operations elsewhere, Marshall slowly pushed towards to the Ottoman base at Mosul. Advancing towards the city, it was finally occupied on November 14, 1918, two weeks after the Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities. Defense of the Suez Canal As Ottoman forces campaigned in the Caucasus and Mesopotamia, they also began moving to strike at the Suez Canal. Closed by the British to enemy traffic at the start of the war, the canal was a key line of strategic communication for the Allies. Though Egypt was still technically part of the Ottoman Empire, it had been under British administration since 1882 and was rapidly filling with British and Commonwealth troops. Moving through the desert wastes of the Sinai Peninsula, Turkish troops under General Ahmed Cemal and his German chief of staff Franz Kress von Kressenstein attacked the canal area on February 2, 1915. Alerted to their approach, British forces drove off the attackers after two days of fighting. Though a victory, the threat to the canal forced the British to leave a stronger garrison in Egypt than intended. Into the Sinai For over a year the Suez front remained quiet as fighting raged at Gallipoli and in Mesopotamia. In the summer of 1916, von Kressenstein made another attempt on the canal. Advancing across the Sinai, he met a well-prepared British defense led by General Sir Archibald Murray. In the resulting  Battle of Romani  on August 3-5, the British forced the Turks to retreat. Going over the offensive, the British pushed across Sinai, building a railroad and water pipeline as they went. Winning battles at  Magdhaba  and  Rafa, they were ultimately stopped by the Turks at the First Battle of Gaza in March 1917 (Map). When a second attempt to take the city failed in April, Murray was sacked in favor of General Sir Edmund Allenby. Palestine Reorganizing his command, Allenby commenced the  Third Battle of Gaza  on October 31. Flanking the Turkish line at Beersheba, he won decisive victory. On Allenbys flank were the Arab forces guided by  Major T.E. Lawrence  (Lawrence of Arabia) who had previously captured the port of Aqaba. Dispatched to Arabia in 1916, Lawrence successfully worked to foment unrest among the Arabs who then revolted against Ottoman rule. With the Ottomans in retreat, Allenby rapidly pushed north, taking Jerusalem on December 9 (Map). Thought the British wished to deliver a death blow to the Ottomans in early 1918, their plans were undone by the beginning of the German  Spring Offensives  on the Western Front. The bulk of Allenbys veteran troops were transferred west to aid in blunting the German assault. As a result, much of the spring and summer was consumed rebuilding his forces from newly recruited troops. Ordering the Arabs to harass the Ottoman rear, Allenby opened the  Battle of Megiddo  on September 19. Shattering an Ottoman army under von Sanders, Allenbys men rapidly advanced and captured Damascus on October 1. Though their southern forces had been destroyed, the government in Constantinople refused to surrender and continued the fight elsewhere. Fire in the Mountains In the wake of the victory at Sarikamis, command of Russian forces in the Caucasus was given to General Nikolai Yudenich. Pausing to reorganize his forces, he embarked on an offensive in May 1915. This was aided by an Armenian revolt at Van which had erupted the previous month. While one wing of the attack succeeded in relieving Van, the other was halted after advancing through the Tortum Valley towards Erzurum. Exploiting the success at Van and with Armenian guerillas striking the enemy rear, Russian troops secured Manzikert on May 11. Due to the Armenian activity, the Ottoman government passed the Tehcir Law calling for the forced relocation of Armenians from the area. Subsequent Russian efforts during the summer were fruitless and Yudenich took the fall to rest and reinforce. In January, Yudenich returned to the attack winning the Battle of Koprukoy and driving on Erzurum. Taking the city in March, Russian forces captured Trabzon the following month and began pushing south towards Bitlis. Pressing on, both Bitlis and Mush were taken. These gains were short-lived as Ottoman forces under Mustafa Kemal recaptured both later that summer. The lines stabilized through the fall as both sides recuperated from the campaigning. Though the Russian command wished to renew the assault in 1917, social and political unrest at home prevented this. With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Russian forces began withdrawing on the Caucasus front and eventually evaporated away. Peace was achieved through the  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  in which Russia ceded territory to the Ottomans. The Fall of Serbia While fighting raged on the major fronts of the war in 1915, most of the year was relatively quiet in Serbia. Having successfully fended off an Austro-Hungarian invasion in late-1914, Serbia desperately worked to rebuild its battered army though it lacked the manpower to do so effectively. Serbias situation changed dramatically late in the year when following Allied defeats at Gallipoli and Gorlice-Tarnow, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and mobilized for war on September 21. On October 7, German and Austro-Hungarian forces renewed the assault on Serbia with Bulgaria attacking four days later. Badly outnumbered and under pressure from two directions, the Serbian army was forced to retreat. Falling back to the southwest, the Serbian army conducted a long march to Albania but remained intact (Map). Having anticipated the invasion, the Serbs had begged for the Allies to send aid. Developments in Greece Due to variety of factors, this could only be routed through the neutral Greek port of Salonika. While proposals for opening a secondary front at Salonika had been discussed by the Allied high command earlier in the war, they had been dismissed as a waste of resources. This view changed on September 21 when Greek Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos advised the British and French that if they sent 150,000 men to Salonika, he could bring Greece into the war on the Allied side. Though quickly dismissed by the pro-German King Constantine, Venizelos plan led to the arrival of Allied troops at Salonika on October 5. Led by French General Maurice Sarrail, this force was able to provide little aid to the retreating Serbians The Macedonian Front As the Serbian army was evacuated to Corfu, Austrian forces occupied much of Italian-controlled Albania. Believing the war in the region lost, the British expressed a desire to withdraw their troops from Salonika. This met with protests from the French and the British unwillingly remained. Building a massive fortified camp around the port, the Allies were soon joined by the remnants of the Serbian army. In Albania, an Italian force was landed in the south and made gains in the country south of Lake Ostrovo. Expanding the front out from Salonika, the Allies held a small German-Bulgarian offensive in August and counterattacked on September 12. Achieving some gains, Kaymakchalan and Monastir were both taken (Map). As Bulgarian troops crossed the Greek border into Eastern Macedonia, Venizelos and officers from the Greek Army launched a coup against the king. This resulted in a royalist government in Athens and a Venizelist government at Salonika which controlled much of northern Greece. Offensives in Macedonia Idle through much of 1917, Sarrails  Armee d Orient  took control of all of Thessaly and occupied the Isthmus of Corinth. These actions led to the exile of the king on June 14 and united the country under Venizelos who mobilized the army to support the Allies. In May 18, General Adolphe Guillaumat, who had replaced Sarrail, attacked and captured Skra-di-Legen. Recalled to aid in stopping the German Spring Offensives, he was replaced with General Franchet dEsperey. Wishing to attack, dEsperey opened the Battle of Dobro Pole on September 14 (Map). Largely facing Bulgarian troops whose morale was low, the Allies made swift gains though the British took heavy losses at Doiran. By September 19, the Bulgarians were in full retreat. On September 30, the day after the fall of Skopje and under internal pressure, the Bulgarians were granted the Armistice of Solun which took them out of the war. While dEsperey pushed north and over the Danube, British forces turned east to attack an undefended Constantinople. With British troops approaching the city, the Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros on October 26. Poised to strike into the Hungarian heartland, dEsperey was approached by Count Krolyi, the head of the Hungarian government, about the terms for an armistice. Traveling to Belgrade, Krolyi signed an armistice on November 10.

buy custom Critical Opinion of Shakespeare essay

buy custom Critical Opinion of Shakespeare essay Shakespeares work has bee credited for many centuries to modern times. He was described as a genius writer as his work is being used in literature studies. There have been many critics of his work due to his excellence and the way he corrupted words in his writing. There has been works by scholars that critically discuss Shakespeare, his work, and his identity. From the historic to the modern times, Shakespeare has been condemned as much as he is loved and admired. There are many issues relating to Shakespeare, which have continued to interest his audience, and thus a call for the attention of critics. The most controversial issue was the manner in which Shakespeare mixed humor with tragedy. This not only failed to bring out the unity of place and time, but also failed to reach the standards and rules of a classical drama according to critics. The critics also claimed that Shakespeares false wit had corrupted language used in the classic drama. This paper intends to explain the work of Shakespeare in relation to quotations from the different sites to support the discussion about his life of literal work. There are some philosophers that do not agree as Samuel Johnson to the fact his critics were raising. He disagreed that Shakespeare had not adhered to the rules of classical drama. His Critics from the 18th century accused him of having a restraint on artistic work, while others praised him for his unique imagination (Hanon 512). The quotation in this instance by which Richard III tells his troops Remember who you are to cope withal; A sort of vagabonds, rascals and run always; A sacrum of Britains and base lackey peasants; Whom their oercloyed Country vomits forth; To desperate adventures and assured destruction (V.iii 315 319). Many critics noticed and observed that Richer III was full of curses, prophesies, and oaths. The critics argued that when Richard swore as a warrior of his succes, it was only a false oath that had false prophesies and curses. This meant that Richards character was questioned by most critics, although there were other people who defended Richards actions. They suggested that there was enough reason for Richard to act as he did. Critics suggested that the greatest problems with Shakespeare were that people had become too fond of him and could not see beyond the thesis and the characters in the classical play. It was interesting to note that the Richards wickedness did not only withstand against the test of time but also greatly influenced Shakespeare work in many different ways. The history of war was familiar from the historic to the modern times. In that case, some critics had termed Richard as a part of dry history while his defenders termed him as a fascinating part of history who not only joked about his victims, but also joked about himself (Shakespeare 256). In ShakespearesA Midsummer Nights Dream, he made his characters cross to another world of imagination. His focus was mainly on what the fairies did in their daily life, but not how the fairies look like. Puck was one of his favorite characters who helped the other fairies to relax scape the serpents tongue (III, ii, 80 -81). It is in this line, the fairies assured the audience that this was only a pleasant dream by saying, that I have nointed an Athenians eye/ and so far am glad that it so far sort/ as this their jangling I esteem a sport (II, ii 351 -353). Shakespeare uses Pucks character in these lines, to try and help the audience to relax. This is where the critics have insisted that there was very poor character development in the classic play. They have also suggested that the only important character in the play is Puck (Hanon 512). However, other people have defended the play as they sugggested that, though there were few characters in the movie, Shakespeare used Puck to bring out fun-loving humor, magical fancy, evocative language, and wild focus which made the play more interesting and unique. Puck was seen by critics to have been overworked, but loved by others for his subtle but mischievous character. Critics have also accused Shakespeare of character incompetence, while many other people do not mind having one important character as long as the play is interesting, amazing, and humorous. This play has been compared by critics to a follys adventure and an influence on the spirits world. Some critics supposed that the film needed an increase on maturity of the mind in order to become an honored piece of preferred work. Although this was not position held by all critics, other critics suggested that there was no room for maturity in Shakespeares work. However, most people from the historic times to the modern times have loved Shakespeares work and his plays. This has been termed as a combination that is not only extraordinary, but also lucky accidents that blow the audiences breathe away. Shakespeares identity can be read from his work and plays. He was a man who created interesting interventions due to his love of mixing tragedy and humor. Shakespeare also had master skills of predicting and evenly balancing every matter in his work, which related to personal taste. It is obvious that his work was not an act of lucky accident but it took preparation, structure, plot, and mastery to create. The perplexities in his work are a proof of his splendid and harmonious expressions (Harold 522). Analysis of Shakespeare character, identity, and work has been carried through out from the historic time to the present days. He proved to be a creative writer who used imaginations to develop characters that portrayed critical themes. Shakespeare not only affected the literary world through his work, but also left a mark that has and will continue to be remembered in many generations to come. Buy custom Critical Opinion of Shakespeare essay

Cluster Sample in Sociology Research

Cluster Sample in Sociology Research Cluster sampling may be used when it is either impossible or impractical to compile an exhaustive list of the elements that make up the target population. Usually, however, the population elements are already grouped into subpopulations and lists of those subpopulations already exist or can be created. For example, let’s say the target population in a study was church members in the United States. There is no list of all church members in the country. The researcher could, however, create a list of churches in the United States, choose a sample of churches, and then obtain lists of members from those churches. To conduct a cluster sample, the researcher first selects groups or clusters and then from each cluster, selects the individual subjects either by simple random sampling or systematic random sampling. Or, if the cluster is small enough, the researcher may choose to include the entire cluster in the final sample rather than a subset of it. One-Stage Cluster Sample When a researcher includes all of the subjects from the chosen clusters into the final sample, this is called a one-stage cluster sample. For example, if a researcher is studying the attitudes of Catholic Church members surrounding the recent exposure of sex scandals in the Catholic Church, he or she might first sample a list of Catholic churches across the country. Let’s say that the researcher selected 50 Catholic Churches across the United States. He or she would then survey all church members from those 50 churches. This would be a one-stage cluster sample. Two-Stage Cluster Sample A two-stage cluster sample is obtained when the researcher only selects a number of subjects from each cluster – either through simple random sampling or systematic random sampling. Using the same example as above in which the researcher selected 50 Catholic Churches across the United States, he or she would not include all members of those 50 churches in the final sample. Instead, the researcher would use simple or systematic random sampling to select church members from each cluster. This is called two-stage cluster sampling. The first stage is to sample the clusters and the second stage is to sample the respondents from each cluster. Advantages of Cluster Sampling One advantage of cluster sampling is that it is cheap, quick, and easy. Instead of sampling the entire country when using simple random sampling, the research can instead allocate resources to the few randomly selected clusters when using cluster sampling. The second advantage to cluster sampling is that the researcher can have a larger sample size than if he or she was using simple random sampling. Because the researcher will only have to take the sample from a number of clusters, he or she can select more subjects since they are more accessible. Disadvantages of Cluster Sampling One main disadvantage of cluster sampling is that is the least representative of the population out of all the types of probability samples. It is common for individuals within a cluster to have similar characteristics, so when a researcher uses cluster sampling, there is a chance that he or she could have an overrepresented or underrepresented cluster in terms of certain characteristics. This can skew the results of the study. A second disadvantage of cluster sampling is that it can have a high sampling error. This is caused by the limited clusters included in the sample, which leaves a significant proportion of the population unsampled. Example Let’s say that a researcher is studying the academic performance of high school students in the United States and wanted to choose a cluster sample based on geography. First, the researcher would divide the entire population of the United States into clusters, or states. Then, the researcher would select either a simple random sample or a systematic random sample of those clusters/states. Let’s say he or she chose a random sample of 15 states and he or she wanted a final sample of 5,000 students. The researcher would then select those 5,000 high school students from those 15 states either through simple or systematic random sampling. This would be an example of a two-stage cluster sample. Sources and Further Reading Babbie, E. (2001). The Practice of Social Research: 9th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson.Castillo, J.J. (2009). Cluster Sampling. Retrieved March 2012 from experiment-resources.com/cluster-sampling.html

Linear Motion In One Dimension Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Linear Motion In One Dimension - Lab Report Example All freely falling objects experience a downward acceleration. Using the symbol g to represent such special acceleration, the value increases with decreasing altitude. The value of g is around 9.8 m/sec2 at the earth’s surface. Because friction is neglected and the assumption is made that the free fall is not dependent on altitude over short distances, the motion of the freely falling objects is equal to the motion in a single dimension under constant acceleration thus making it possible to apply constant acceleration equations. The recorded coefficient r values are both close to 1 indicating that the plotted points are closer to the experimental values. As per the recorded values, the increasing x values had a positive gradient whereas the decreasing x values had a negative gradient. Therefore, it is true that X increases at a constant rate with time, hence equation 1 is justified The velocity after the bounce was higher because of the impulsive force exerted on the glider at the track’s end. Again, the recorded value of acceleration is reasonable because the velocity is reversed at the track’s end meaning there was a moment when no acceleration is acting on the glider. In the inclined track, the glider was observed to move under a constant acceleration before or after bouncing and this is in harmony with equation 1 which states distance has a direct proportion to the square of time. The slope of velocity against time line matched the previously calculated acceleration value. The slopes of the velocity time graphs in the inclined track with the six blocks also matched the earlier on calculated acceleration value. The trend observed in the all the three cases validates the linear motion equations. An analysis of the drawn graph gives acceleration values that are consistent proving that constant acceleration equations can be used in describing linear motion in one

Multiculturalism in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multiculturalism in Britain - Essay Example Any perfect society embraces and cherishes the notion of cultural diversity and it encourages interactions between members of different cultures. In Britain, multiculturalism, when it was developed in the 1970s, had inter-cultural integration as its main objective. The foundation of the policy was based on â€Å"commitment to equal respect and an interpretation of equality as meaning that non-assimilation is acceptable† (Parekh 5). This means that the policy would ensure that communities lived harmoniously in the country without having to loose their identity and cultures. The multiculturalism policy in Britain has resulted in the presence of composite and hybrid identities that are not really common in other European countries. However, some groups in the country have taken advantage of the flexibility of this policy to advance their own personal and mainly selfish agendas. This has seen the rise of extremists groups in the country and a large portion of the population blames multiculturalism for giving extremists a chance to carry out their terrorist activities within the country. This has raised a lot of confusion and caused a lot of tensions with some communities being specifically targeted by others for deportation from the country. Multiculturalism, while its intentions are noble, has its own drawbacks that include freedom and possibility limitations (Slack). It is also seen by many as a means of legitimizing racism, hence the notion that it is divisive (Murray). In the past government efforts to bring national cohesion were compromised by attempts to bring up the question of xenophobia and racism within the populace. It remains to be seen what exactly it is that the coalition government led by Cameron will achieve in terms of putting in place measures to preach peaceful co-existence and acceptance in different communities that are represented in the country (Parekh 23). Cameron’s remarks that multiculturalism policy has failed should have b een accompanied by suggestions on how to make the situation better. The government has been for the last few years been at the forefront in condemning the actions of extremist groups, especially Islamic extremists who are out to cause mayhem and panic among Britons. There have been a number of successful crackdowns on these groups, but there is widespread fear that the entire Islamic community is being targeted. The government can do better to ensure that no one feels threatened by these crackdowns or by the extremists. The Labour Party has its own Prevent Strategy which seeks to prevent violent extremism in Britain. The question is whether such a policy would enhance cohesion or cause even more tension in a country that already has reservations about accepting certain people in its midst. Many Muslims in the country have discredited the Prevent Strategy which they claim is being used as a spying mechanism on them (Modood 97). It is clear that the Prevent strategy would not really w ork at the moment since a lot of communities would feel targeted. What Britain needs is a well planned integration policy that encourages communities to live together without prejudice. 2002 Home Office White Paper stated that â€Å"

The topic depend on what writer writing about Essay

The topic depend on what writer writing about - Essay Example The Kimberly Mines, which is up for sale, deals with the extraction of diamond for export purposes (Miller and MacDonald, n. p). However, the article does not offer cost analysis of the mine in regards to the expected revenues and investor benefits. This is vital to for more buyers to invest to boost the recovery business in the African state. It indicates the aspects that hinder the management of De Beers from managing several mines in the country. The environmental analysis is appropriate because Kimberly Mines is located in a prime area where transportation and extraction is efficient (Miller and MacDonald, n. p). The function of the mine in pulling stones from the old-mine can be converted into sustainable utilization within the diamond industry (Miller and MacDonald, n. p). For instance, the stones are essential for construction purposes by other users. This is because the contractors cannot easily access the minerals and have to dig deeper to trace the diamonds in the derelicts. I like the article and would encourage the writers to consider follow-up of the sale. Thank you so

CSR and corporate ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CSR and corporate ethics - Essay Example Considering from a general standpoint, it can be affirmed that an organisation cannot flourish until and unless the environments in which it is operating are healthy. Similarly, maintaining ethics in workplace is equally important. Ethics guides an organisation to maintain moral, ecological and social consciousness within a specific organisation (Gangone & et. al., 2010). Definition of Main Terms Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) In this competitive market, the main responsibility of the businesses has been to make money and boost shareholders’ value. In precise, corporate finance responsibility has been noted to be one of the prime objectives of businesses. However, in the previous few decades, wider corporate responsibility for the environment, local communities, working conditions and ethical practises has gained momentum. This particular notion can be related with the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (Rionda, 2002). ... al., 2002). Corporate Ethics In this present day context, the market economy is driven by consumer preference and consumer capacity. However, during the preceding four decades, there has been an escalating requirement for acquiring information on social along with environmental impact of corporate policy and appraisal effects. Ethics is not a new term for the corporates. As a matter of fact, corporate possesses certain rules, standards and norms for conducting business. However, these practices can be changed from one country to other having social along with cultural basis. Thus, when corporate apply these standards or norms as a part of practice or responsibility, then it is often termed as ‘ethical code of conducting business’ or corporate ethics. In general, corporate ethics is regarded as the proper study of business policies along with practices relating to certain significant aspects that include unfairness, trading, CSR and corporate governance among others (Crow ther & et. al., 2008; Berenbeim, 1987). It has been apparently observed that corporate ethics and CSR are interrelated with each other and thus require to be understood in detail. However, it is often viewed that both these terms have different meanings. The former concerns the impact of the entire business activities on the environment and the latter is related to an individual or work group consideration that society judges as right or wrong. Critical Arguments Role of CSR in Travel and Tourism Industry In today’s frequent changing business environment, the industry of travel and tourism is facing quite competitive situation in the global market. In order to determine the role of CSR in this particular industry, it can

Fire Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fire Investigation - Essay Example It will not be incorrect to note that Nova: Hunt for the serial A was an episode in the television series released in 1995. It was basically shot as a short film for the purpose of spreading awareness regarding true crimes and the convicts in such cases. This was to put a renouncement towards those who undertake such crimes and ultimately stay a part of the society. With the help of the episode, it was rather easy to note that people around us may be not what they are seemingly in reality. Hate crimes can be very dangerous for the society which is conducted by no other people but the common people living next door (Williams). The episode is about a fire extinguisher official who always wanted to work for the police force. Unfortunately, he could not pass his entrance test for the police force and ultimately ended up in the fire extinguisher force. The movie has a twist when the plot line introduces Leonard to be a convict of true crime. The movie can be considered as a helpful insight for the investigators to understand the insight and mindedness of convicts committing true crimes (Williams). The general context of the true crime was that Leonard was involved in planning fake fire accidents with the aid of rubber bands, match sticks and papers which ultimately resulted in major fire accidents. For many incidents, nobody can actually understand as to why the region was under fire accidents so frequently. But as per the close fire investigation, it was noted that the reason behind the fire accidents were similar and planned. A series of suspect investigation led to the final proceeding in which Leonard was convicted for his true crime (Williams). Through the above analysis, it could be said that films of television broadcasts can be used a way to depict real life stories of people who are around us. The story of a file extinguisher official who made it a routine to set places on fire by afore-planning so that the

CSR and corporate ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CSR and corporate ethics - Essay Example Considering from a general standpoint, it can be affirmed that an organisation cannot flourish until and unless the environments in which it is operating are healthy. Similarly, maintaining ethics in workplace is equally important. Ethics guides an organisation to maintain moral, ecological and social consciousness within a specific organisation (Gangone & et. al., 2010). Definition of Main Terms Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) In this competitive market, the main responsibility of the businesses has been to make money and boost shareholders’ value. In precise, corporate finance responsibility has been noted to be one of the prime objectives of businesses. However, in the previous few decades, wider corporate responsibility for the environment, local communities, working conditions and ethical practises has gained momentum. This particular notion can be related with the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (Rionda, 2002). ... al., 2002). Corporate Ethics In this present day context, the market economy is driven by consumer preference and consumer capacity. However, during the preceding four decades, there has been an escalating requirement for acquiring information on social along with environmental impact of corporate policy and appraisal effects. Ethics is not a new term for the corporates. As a matter of fact, corporate possesses certain rules, standards and norms for conducting business. However, these practices can be changed from one country to other having social along with cultural basis. Thus, when corporate apply these standards or norms as a part of practice or responsibility, then it is often termed as ‘ethical code of conducting business’ or corporate ethics. In general, corporate ethics is regarded as the proper study of business policies along with practices relating to certain significant aspects that include unfairness, trading, CSR and corporate governance among others (Crow ther & et. al., 2008; Berenbeim, 1987). It has been apparently observed that corporate ethics and CSR are interrelated with each other and thus require to be understood in detail. However, it is often viewed that both these terms have different meanings. The former concerns the impact of the entire business activities on the environment and the latter is related to an individual or work group consideration that society judges as right or wrong. Critical Arguments Role of CSR in Travel and Tourism Industry In today’s frequent changing business environment, the industry of travel and tourism is facing quite competitive situation in the global market. In order to determine the role of CSR in this particular industry, it can

Policy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policy Paper - Essay Example Russiahas a long-standing history with the Syrian rulers, which prospered during the authoritarian reign of Hafez Al Assad, the father of the current Syrian president Bashar Al Assad. There is need for the Russian government to support the Syrian Army and government and a plan is needed for this to happen as quickly as possible. The elder Assad’s relationship with the Russian leadership saw him being invited to Russia by Leonid Brezhnev and firmly installed Syria’s position as a defender of the USSR during the Cold War, a tradition that continued with the Russian republic after the breakup of the Soviet Republics. Russia is Syria’s largest supplier of arms, with annual arms sales between the two countries topping more than US$1.5 billion. The countries also have a lot of trade links and have over the years established very strong bonds, based especially on the supply of arms and cold war and post-cold war anti-American stance. This stance saw the Russian Republic - together with China - veto allUN resolutions calling for military intervention in Syria by the international community (Carpenter 3). Russia has also been very vocal in defending the Syrian administration of Bashar Al Assad and taken their side in the conflict with what they refer to as Islamic terrorist rebels. It is on the basis of the longstanding history of the relationship between the two countries that the first reason why Russia should arm the government of Syria. This ongoing relationship has been between the governments that rule the two countries and therefore remain in place no matter which government is in place in Syria. There is need for Russia to arm Syrian and provide a decisive winner in this battle in order to stop the humanitarian and political tragedy that has taken place and continues to take place in Syria today. Russia has to support Syrian in this conflict in order to stem the growth and spread of radical Islamist revolution that has continued under the gu ise of an America-supported Arab Spring (Tenin 6). Russia also needs to arm Syria in order to stop this spread of Islamist radicalism that Russia had to deal with in Chechnya and to prevent Islamist terrorists using Syria as another from to attack Russia. This plan presented herein is a plan to arm the Syrian government forces by Russia in order to provide a decisive completion to the civil strife in Syria once and for all and to protect the sanctity of the Syrian regime. The first part of this plan is the identification of the kinds and range of weapons that the Russian Republic can supply to Syria to ensure that the tide of the war in that country turns in favor of the Syrian government and to ensure that the region is stabilized and that the Syrian country does not disintegrate into tribal or ethnic enclaves, as has happened in all the other countries where international intervention usually in the form of American and American-aided invasion has taken place. One only has to look at the effect of American intervention in Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya and most recently Egypt to see how their intervention only results in more complex internal conflict and deterioration of law and order. In Syria, the situation is further compounded

Mirabell and Millament Relationship Essay Example for Free

Mirabell and Millament Relationship Essay In The Way of the World, his last comedy, Congreve seems to come to realise the importance for providing an ideal pair of man and woman, ideal in the sense that the pair could be taken for models in the life-style of the period. But this was almost impossible task, where the stage was occupied by men and women, sophisticated, immoral, regardless of the larger world around them, and preoccupied with the self-conceited rhetoric as an weapon to justify their immoral activities within a small and restricted area of social operation. Congreve could not avoid this, and for this, he had to pave his way through the society by presenting a plot which, though complicated enough for a resolution, aims at the ideal union between the hero and heroine—Mirabell and Millament. They emerge as the triumphant culmination of the representative characters of the whole period, of course not types, for they are real enough to be human. Congreve endowed his hero and heroine with all the qualities typical of the society, but towards the end the qualities, if negative, are employed as guards against the venoms of the society. At the beginning of the play, we find Mirabell shaping up a situation so that he can win the hands of Millament and her estate as well from Lady Wishfort who has the rein of power over them. In this Mirabell is perfect Machiavellian: conscious of his surroundings. He is not at all a man from chivalric romance. That he is a past master in the game of love, of course, in the sense of the period, that is, sexual relationship—is evident from his past affairs with Mrs. Fainall, from Mrs. Marwood’s fascination towards him and, one many suspect, from Lady Wishfort’s unconscious longing for him. Moreover, Mirabell has mastered rhetoric to encounter men and women around them. Consistent with the irresistible charm of Mirabell, Congreve built the character of Millament. She is the perfect model of the accomplished fine lady of high life, who arrives at the height of indifference to everything from the height of satisfaction. To her pleasure is as familiar as the air she draws; elegance worn as a part of her dress; wit the habitual language which she hears and speaks. She has nothing to fear from her own caprices, being the only law to herself. As to the affairs of love, she treats them with at once seriousness and difference. For instance, she exclaims to Mirabell: â€Å"Dear me, what is a lover that it can give? One makes lovers as fast as one pleases, and they live as long as one pleases, and they die as soon as one pleases; and if one pleases one makes more. † This, however, may be a case for Millament who is â€Å"standing at the threshold of maturity from girlhood†, as Norman N. Holland points out. But from her discussion of preconditions before entering into marriage with Mirabell, it is clear that she is intelligent and discrete enough to judge her situation. In the Proviso Scene we find Mirabell and Millament meeting together to arrange an agreement for their marriage. The scene is a pure comedy with brilliant display of wit by both of them, but, above all, provides instructions which have serious dimensions in the context of the society. On her part, Millament makes it clear that a lover’s (Mirabell’s) appeals and entreaties should not stop with the marriage ceremony. Therefore, she would like to be ‘solicited’ even after marriage. She next puts that â€Å"My dear liberty† should be preserved; â€Å"I’ll lye abed in a morning as long as I please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Millament then informs that she would not like to be addressed by such names as â€Å"wife, spouse, my dear, joy, jewel, love, sweet-heart; and the rest of that nauseous can, in which men and their wives are so fulsomely familiar. † Moreover, they will continue to present a decorous appearance in public, and she will have free communication with others. In other words, after marriage they maintain certain distance and reserve between them. Mirabell’s conditions are quite different: they are frankly sexual in content, directed to his not being cuckolded or to her bedroom manners. â€Å"Just as Millament’s are developed femininely† as Norman N. Holland points out, â€Å"Mirabell’s are developed in a typically masculine way. † Each of Mirabell’s provisos begin with its item: first, the general principle, â€Å"that your Acquaintance be general†, then specific instructions, â€Å"no she-friend to screen her affairs†, no fop to take her to the theatre secretly, and an illustration of the forbidden behaviour, â€Å"to wheedle you a fop-scrambling to the play in a mask†. Nevertheless, Mirabell denounces the use of tight dresses during pregnancy by women, and he forbids the use of alcoholic drinks. The conditions are stated by both parties in a spirit of fun and gaiety, but the fact remained that both are striving to arrive at some kind of mutual understanding. While the Proviso Scene ensures the marriage of true minds, the possession of dowry with Millament remains the aim of Mirabell for the rest of the play. At the end of the play Mirabell and Millament through their own peculiar balance of wit and generosity of spirit, reduce the bumbling Witwood and mordant Fainall to the level of false wit. Thus Mirabell and Millament dramatise the true wit that is so carefully and symmetrically defined through opposition. On his part, Mirabell informs that, â€Å"†¦I like her with all her faults: nay, like her for her faults†¦They now to grown as familiar to me as my own frailties†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And Millament declares to Mrs. Fainall, â€Å"Well, if Mirabell should not make a good husband, I am a lost thing—for I find I love him violently. † These confidences do not prevent their own chances for honesty in marriage. The triumph of the play is in the emergence of lovers who through a balance of intense affection and cool self-knowledge achieve an equilibrium that frees them from the world’s power. As the title of the play The Way of the World suggests, they have assimilated the rational lucidity of sceptical rake so that they can use the world and reject its demands.

Developing a Framework to Enhance Pupil Learning

Developing a Framework to Enhance Pupil Learning How Can Curriculum Frameworks Be Designed, Implemented and Supported to Enhance Pupil Learning? Define Frameworks The National Curriculum Framework constitutes the essential components of school from key stage one and two at essential level and key stage three and four at optional level, incorporating instruction for kids with extraordinary needs (National Curriculum of England, 2014). The National Curriculum Framework is the crucial archive that exhibits the components of the educational modules framework: the qualities, objectives, standards, substance and general objectives of instructive regions, the assessment of student accomplishments, and the assessment and self-assessment of the acknowledgment of the national educational modules (Znanosti, 2010). It can be seen as the instructive territory of subject structure, deciding the subjects and modules of the main subjects, discretionary subjects and modules, student workload. At the end of the day, the National Curriculum Framework is the reason for the planning of syllabi and other educational modules reports including; rules for the utilizat ion of the educational modules, instructor manuals, parent manuals, principles for the arrangement of course readings and other showing materials, norms and benchmarks for the evaluation of the way of pupil achievements and school operations. National Curriculum Frameworks primary is centre is pupil achievement and development in informational domains, dealt with according to preparing cycles, and depictions and destinations of group points that focus on working up the key territories in preparing for students and there can be a wide range of different curriculum frameworks that can be linked to different subject areas such as self-determination theory and the sport education model, both have been heavily researched in the field of physical education. National Curriculum Framework likewise adds to the arranging and association of school operations, including the reception of the school educational programs (Ryan, 2007). The National Curriculum Framework is an advancement archive seeing that it will prompt to the improvement, arranging, or elaboration of every single other record, and seeing that it will be interested in changes and persistent recharging as per changes and improvements in the public eye and instruction (Znanosti, 2010). Quick changes in science, innovation, the economy, and different ranges of social life put before training ever-new necessities, and this prompts to the requirement for steady assessment and alteration of the national educational modules. Instructive qualities, objectives, capabilities and standards are controlled by empowering the comprehension of the essential course of improvement of the national educational modules, and constitute key determinants for the harmonization of the arranging of the advancement and operation of training organizations (Znanosti, 2010). Goals and longings of pupil achievement in informational zones and furthermore the depictions and targets of cross-curricular topics help the schools relate subjects more viably, streamline educating, and enhance preparing with optional and non-fundamental subjects and extracurricular activities as per schools profiles and needs, the necessities of the pupils, and the prerequisites of the more extensive group. A present day approach to manage the arranging and headway of the national instructive modules logically decentralizes and democratizes this technique, moreover, incorporates and extends obligation with respect to any movements to fuse educators, accomplices, principals, and other basic accomplices and customers of preparing youths, pupils, and people from the group and common gathering, social assistants, and others. Product Process Models It is contended that the development of curriculum in education is a result of many factors including, how it is used by teachers and how it is put together, it can also depend on who you are teaching (Ornstein and Hunkins, 2009). Models is curriculum push teachers who efficiently and straightforwardly set establish the reason for the use of these models and how to implement them in specific teaching, educating and evaluation approaches. It was endorsed by Ornstein and Hunkins (2009) who say in despite the way that educational modules are really used, they as often as possible neglect the human perspective, for instance, the individual perspectives, opinions, values required in educational modules making. Along these lines, they cannot be seen as an equivalence and are advised against being used ahead of your leading and the individual judgment of the teacher on what is a bad approach and a good approach to manage pupil education. An ordinarily explained, adjustment of models of educ ational development is those suggested by numerous creators known by the Product Model and Process Model. It was shown by Neary (2003) that these as are arrangements in addition to expectations known as The Product Model) and the other one which portrays and accentuates exercises in addition to impacting on learning known as The Process Model, both have been heavily researched in education roles Models that developed out of Tylers work, such as Popham and Baker (1970), were criticised for their over emphasis on learning objectives and were viewed as employing very technical, means-to-end reasoning (ONeill, 2010). It was expressed by Knight, (2001) in a study regarding curriculum planning in the process model in contrast with the product model, he says that it is vital to plan instinctively when it comes to curriculum, and that the teacher must trust in themselves and good teacher outcomes will come to fruition, they must also consider who they are teaching, as if the pupils dont understand what is being taught, nothing is learned. This prescribes it might be easier to establish the area that is being justly attempting to satisfy in learning establishment, in addition to who you are teaching it to and then to process meaning it can then be shaped to what is trying to be taught and whats more relevant will be established. There is a degree of various and more particular models which autonomously, or with everything considered, may be more beneficial. A portion of the informational project models have ended up being out of various edifying settings, like in higher education for instance. Regardl ess, most models are easily adapted to be used in all areas. This is comparable to Product/Process, to the extent that informational undertakings models. It is believed that it ought not to be viewed as being positive or negative. In another approach, informational ventures progress can be seen as a productive chart for sorting out the environment of education and learning, this approach has been portrayed as being certified and proficient. In comparison, the non-technical approach is individual and refined as its primary focus is based around who is learning (Ornstein and Hunkins, 2004). However, the product model is key in making plus passing on clear outcomes to the pupils and has changed its focus and emphasis a long way from plans of substance. Late written work, recommends that when this model is being utilised, it is recommended that care is taken to be become unnecessarily strict when teaching and learning comes about (Hussey and Smith, 2003, Maher, 2004, Gosling, 2009; Hussey and Smith, 2008). In research by Hussey and Smith (2003, p367, they found; Accepting that student motivation is an essential element in learning, we propose that those who teach should begin to reclaim learning outcomes and begin to frame them more broadly and flexibly, to allow for demonstrations and expressions of appreciation, enjoyment and even pleasure, in the full knowledge that such outcomes pose problems for assessment. Research looking at another education model approach, it was found that there is an extensive variety of instructive projects models that can be used. Another model to be considered in education is known as the Backward Design Model, established in work by Wiggins and McTighe (2010), this is a notable model as it associates with Graduate Attributes and Competences. Finks (2003) prominent educational programs demonstrate in spite of the fact that non-specialized and is not seen as humanistic in its approach to education, additionally it appeals to the idea of drawing on past experiences in teacher to create an educational program. Taking everything into account, in conclusion, it can be seen that there isnt a single model that is beneficial to every educational program as a whole on a broad spectrum. Be that as it may, distinguishing and being predictable with all educational models for learning aid in the reinforcement unification and understanding of methodologies in different programs. An example of this, it is said by ONeill (2005) that; it is common in some Science and Professional Health Science programs that the early years may have a more specialised logical approach, though later years may have a more experiential approach. Be that as it may, in relation to the engagement of pupils when learning, is there a way that these educational models could be more fused and efficient over a program? Is it significant to recall over a program and question what might a graduate recollects (Fink, 2003). As a program group, it merits investigating outlooks when researching these distinctive educational models and utilising how to use them to aid you in an educational program design and also to deliver the program which has been created to ensure that what is being taught is the best and most efficient experience for peers and pupils who are also likely to use it to make sure that best practice is being used at all time when teaching. Student/Pupil Learning Student learning research began in Sweden, with Marton and Sà ¤ljà ¶Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s (1976) investigation of surface and profound ways on how to deal with education. They gave pupils a content to peruse, and let them know they would be made inquiries thereafter. Students reacted in two diverse ways. The principal aggregate learned in foresight of the inquiries, focusing restlessly on the realities and subtle elements that may be inquired. They skated along the surface of the content, as Marton and Sà ¤ljà ¶ put it, utilizing a surface way to deal with learning. What these students recollected was a rundown of disconnected actualities; they didnt appreciate the point the creator was making. The second gathering then again set out to comprehend the significance of what the creator was attempting to state. They went underneath the surface of the content to translate that importance, utilizing a profound approach. They saw the comprehensive view and how the truths and points of inter est put forth the authors defence. Take note of that the expressions profound and surface as utilized here portray methods for taking in a specific assignment, not, the same number of hence utilized the terms, as depicting qualities of students. Kember (1997) portrayed two extensive presentations in teaching: the teacher centred/content and the pupil centred/learning. To a great degree, significant breakdown of these presentations he supports various other makers points of view in association with student-centred learning which includes the data that is controlled by pupils and that the isnt used as a fountain of knowledge and the pupils are encouraged to used guided discovery to learn off each other. Rogers (1983) distinguished the critical part and requirement of pupil learning as; a pioneer or individual who is seen as an expert figure in the circumstance, is adequately secure inside herself (himself) and in her (his) relationship to others that she (he) encounters a fundamental trust in the limit of others to think for themselves, to learn for themselves. In a study by Burnard, 1999, as he disentangles Rogers contemplations regarding pupil-centeredness as pupils may pick what to consider and whats more how and why, that subject may be an interesting one to think about. Reflections on the subject were drawn by Gibbs (1995) when the author portrays pupil-centred developments as those that uneasiness: learner movement rather than lethargy; students understanding on the course outside the establishment and before the course; process and limit, instead of the material; where the crucial choices regarding what they are learning is discussed with who is teaching them. Harding and Crosby (2000) are essentially indistinguishable, depicting learning, based around teacher structures as the highlight of the educator transmitting information that comes from the teacher and what is taught to the pupil. Inquisitively, it is shown that pupil centred learning as centring on what the pupil is learning and what they do to ensure that it is helping them progress in them in contrast to the teachers influence on their education, the main focus of this concentrates on the likelihood of the pupil doing. In research by Gibbs, he goes into more detail to include: how, what and when the pupil is learning, with what result, and how it will be utilised. In an essentially indistinguishable manner in prior arrangement, the student and educator relationship is especially clarified in their book entitled A Guide to Student-Cantered Learning by Brandes and Ginnis (1986), in this book they focus of primary areas of pupil centred learning and that the pupil has full control over what they are learning without teacher input Both student and teacher input shows a strong bond, the teacher becomes facilitator and benefit the individual Learners encounter juncture when training (full of feeling and psychological spaces stream together. The learner sees themselves contrastingly subsequently of the learning knowledge. A few techniques were connected by Chegenizadeh and Nikraz, 2012 research, to ensure that students are occupied with the class exercises. Students received self-instructive booklets. The booklets were planned to bolster sessions for pupils, isolate preparing and singular direction. The technique resembled ONeill McMahon (2005) in which a firm focus of errands and learning could be seen, all things considered finished in the classroom, despite the way that if the pupils supported, these endeavours could be done at home or in various spots and in various conditions. Pupils were supported and encouraged to discover their own needs and primarily put thought in the areas of education that related to them. Curriculum in Physical Education A commonly used educational model is the Sport education Model, in recent research it has shown to aid pupils motivational response whilst undertaking physical activitySport Education, an instructional and educational model intended to create equipped, proficient, and eager sportspeople (Siedentop, 1994; Siedentop, Hastie, van der Mars, 2004), was served as substance for expert advancement in light of its remarkable components that are not the same as normal Russian physical education (Hastie and Sinelnikov, 2006). Sport Education utilises small groups of people throughout the season, and has been depicted as pupil-focused learning (Alexander, Taggert Luckman 1998). Sport Education plans to give a more reliable way to deal with showing sport by divulging in its basic qualities which include seasons, links between teams, competitions which are combined with different practices, attending different events keeping statistics and records on teams (Siedentop et al., 2004) The Sport Education curriculum model was designed to provide positive motivational sport experiences for all students in physical education by simulating key contextual features of authentic sport (Siedentop, 1994). Despite helping students upgrade their diversion capacities, wear preparing urges them to fulfil other amusement related parts, for instance, official, amass guide, authority, also delivering on a recreations organization panel or as a noteworthy part of a commitment bunch. Inside the overall structure of these educational modules the pupils gradually acknowledge more conspicuous responsibility for learning, while teachers surrender ordinary ahead of time direct instructing parts. The teacher, resulting to getting off centre sort out, frequently goes about as facilitator to student social data and capacity learning through an extent of pupil centred learning techniques. In spite of the way that not planned to be prescriptive in its utilization. There are contrasting factors between the Sport Education Model and the traditional teacher preparation of an educational model. Pupils generally work in a comparably small gathering all through the widened length educational modules and are given commitment with respect to demonstrating each extraordinary aptitude inside a pleasant social affair structure. By using this strategy, the teacher can help pupils with their essential initiative for choice of learning, which must be suitable of everyone that is involved in the educational establishment. This is comparable with the significant components of an endeavour included climate (Ames, 1992). Research by Alexander and Luckman, (2001) has shown the rewarding result that education in sport has on pupil avidness for physical preparing. Grant (1992) found that Sport Education advanced collaboration, enhanced associations among partners, and raised energy among various pupils who as of now seemed to despise physical guideline and amusement. It can be suggested that this student avidness could be credited by the way the teacher approaches teaching in physical education and if they are seen not to be enjoying what they are teacher, the pupil is less likely to be engaged. If the students saw the teacher to be less transcendent than in customary curricular attitudes (Carlson and Hastie, 1997) Other research of 344 Australian educators impression of the Sport Education model, Alexander and Luckman (2001) discovered that 83% of the teachers who were involved in the study agreed that the sport Education model shows that the students are more engaged in physical education as opposed to previous approaches. A considerable amount of this investigation on changes in pupil passionate outcomes with this model has been established on instructors long winded records (Alexander and Luckman, 2001; Grant, 1992). Despite when the ampleness of the Sport Education Model was reviewed regarding observations made of pupils. Physical education curriculum research can give a far more practical theory practically identical physical preparing settings. When using these pupils motivated theories it may similarly help to understand why using such models, like the Sport Education model, are useful in inspiring pupils to take part in more physical education Self Determination Theory This theory researched by Deci and Ryan, (2000) is an organismic-logic system of inspiration that views people as effectively looking for ideal difficulties and new encounters to ace and coordinate (Deci and Ryan, 1995). Overlooking being related sufficiently to the educational space for over 10 years (Deci, Vallerand, Pelletier, and Ryan, 1991), the change of work grounded in self-determination theory was moved to happen with respect to class PE. Beginning late, experts have been coordinated to look at the sensibility of the self-affirmation structure to the PE setting. (Standage, Treasure, Duda and Prusak, 2003). Standage and accomplices (2003) surveyed the effect of impression of a root atmosphere (self-organization persevering), utilizing a tool invented by deCharms (1976), on physical education pupil views on self-organization, health, and relatedness. Happens as intended uncovered a starting stage atmosphere to be sensibly farsighted of self-sufficiency fulfilment and hopelessly keen of capacity and relatedness fulfilment. Ryan and Deci (2000) say; in schools, the facilitation of more self-determined learning requires classroom conditions that allow satisfaction of these three basic human needs __ that is that support the innate needs to feel connected, effective, and agentic as one is exposed to new ideas and exercises new skills (p. 65) In the present work, Standage and accomplices looked into the comparisons between different supports, including; wellness, relatedness and autonomy which all play a part in the mental need and satisfaction on the pupil, while it was seen that there are vast others in physical education classes that may require satisfaction, in a recent study, a combined score for relatedness-reinforce, ability support, and self-adequacy reinforce given by the physical education teacher was enlisted. The self-determination theory hypothesis maintains that the satisfaction of every one of the three needs is required for flawless mental working (Deci and Ryan, 2000), general need satisfaction was relied on to be an essential path between the need supporting and the particular motivational controls evaluated in the current overview. In particular, it was expected that there would be a positive bond between need fulfilment and motivational control. Then again, it can be anticipated that need fulfilment would be oppositely identified with outer control and motivation. One guess could have inquired about that digressed to some degree from the hypothetical statutes of this theory. However, previous physical education established research found that impression relatedness and self-regulation (Standage et al., 2003), and point of view of capacity and relatedness to be unequivocally connected with interjected control, it can be estimated that interjected heading would mean that needs satis faction would be achieved. Grounded in self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 1991, Ryan and Deci, 2000a, 2002), physical education has reliably been kept to a singular result (e.g., Standage et al., 2003). Adjusted to the hypothesis created self-governing from whatever other individual insistence hypothesis (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 1991, Ryan and Deci, 2000, 2002) that positive stacked with feeling, insightful, and behavioural records are a section of self-choice motivational headings, as opposed to controlling ones, four result reports were investigated. These were the pupils level of fixation (mental result), relationship of helpful result and negative effect (stacked with feeling result), and inclination to take part in testing assignments (self-distinct behavioural result). Changed as per self-determination hypothesis and past physical education based work (Standage et al., 2003), it can be seen that normal inspiration and perceived control would distinctly foresee fixation, useful result, and incli nation for testing assignments, and would oppositely see negative effects. Strikingly, it can be expected that outer attitude and motivation would emphatically lean towards a negative effect and oppositely predict focus, valuable result, and the inclination for testing attempts. Regarding education, it can be seen that it is evident that this theory shows conclusive results that it useful to the world of education. it can be seen that it is apparent that this hypothesis demonstrates indisputable outcomes that it valuable to the universe of instruction. It can be seen that propelling self-chose motivation in students should be given high need in instructive difficulties, the key segments are what we imply as self-control reinforce and interpersonal commitment. Right when huge grown-ups most extraordinarily, guardians and educators are incorporated with understudies in an independence unfaltering manner, the understudies will likely hold their normal premium (their trademark motivation for learning) and to make independent sorts of self-course through the procedure of compromise.

The Arrogant Emerson and Self-Reliance Essay -- Self Reliance Essays

The Arrogant Emerson and Self-Reliance "To believe your own thought, to believe that which is true for you in your private heart is true for all men-that is genius" (Self-Reliance and Other Essays, 19). This statement from the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson provides a summary of the ideas that transcendentalism centered around. Emerson believed that man is innately good, and that if he were left to his own devices without the structures of society and laws boxing him in, he would create a utopian society very different from the one Emerson lived in. Emerson's ideas make sense in many situations where the influence of society drowns out the voices of individuals, such as African Americans before the Civil Rights movement, or intimidates others so that they never speak, as happens to many witnesses afraid for their own safety. However, I believe that he takes the application of self-reliance too far. In "Self-Reliance," Emerson applies his ideas to religion, stating that men should find their own creed, not conform to anot her one that has been made for them. "We must go alone," he says, not seeking the help or influence of others, but formulating our own ideas (Self-Reliance and Other Essays, 30). At this point I disagree with Emerson. I believe that it is arrogant and self-righteous to try and form your own creed and own ideas while ignoring the influence of others. Although self-reliance may have a place in our lives, it does not encompass every aspect of them. In religion, conforming to a creed and listening to what others have to say has helped me to open my mind, not close it as Emerson suggests. Emerson believed that to seek help and suggestions in your spiritual life was to pollute it. In "Self-Reliance," he writ... ...listening to a preacher is to shut out new ideas that could be important. Assuming that one knows enough and that he needs no teachings in the ways of God is a self-admiring egotistical attitude. Every man can always learn more about his spiritual life. Emerson's ideas on self-reliance have many applications in life. However, religion is not one of these applications. In religion, it is healthy for man to conform to a certain creed because it leads him to questions and ideas that he may never have asked. It does not close people as Emerson says, but directs them to look deeper into themselves. Man is not innately good as Emerson suggests. Since the Fall when Adam and Eve ate the Forbidden Fruit, man has had a sinful nature. Therefore people need guidance, not just their own ideas to lead them. Men should heed the advice of others, not only listen to themselves.

Literature Survey of Methods of Data Encryption

Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY This chapter deals with the assorted documents that is been referred in order to implement this undertaking. It address the techniques that has been implemented in order to supply the security and the privateness for the information has to be stored on to the cloud. The below subdivision shows the antecedently used techniques. [ 1 ] This paper tells about the Providing secure and ei ¬?cient entree to big graduated table outsourced information is an of import constituent of cloud calculating. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to work out this job in owner-write-users-read applications. We propose to code every information block with a dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent key so that i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible cryptography-based entree control can be achieved. Through the acceptance of cardinal derivation methods, the proprietor needs to keep merely a few secrets. Analysis shows that the cardinal derivation process utilizing hash maps will present really limited calculation operating expense. We propose to utilize over-encryption and/or lazy annulment to forestall revoked users from acquiring entree to updated information blocks. We design mechanisms to manage both updates to outsourced informations and alterations in user entree rights. We investigate the operating expense and safety of the proposed attack, and survey mechanism s to better informations entree ei ¬?ciency. [ 2 ] Online personal wellness record ( PHR ) enables patients to pull off their ain medical records in a centralised manner, which greatly facilitates the storage, entree and sharing of personal wellness informations. With the outgrowth of cloud computer science, it is attractive for the PHR service suppliers to switch their PHR applications and storage into the cloud, in order to bask the elastic resources and cut down the operational cost. However, by hive awaying PHRs in the cloud, the patients lose physical control to their personal wellness informations, which makes it necessary for each patient to code her PHR information earlier uploading to the cloud waiters. Under encoding, it is disputing to accomplish i ¬?ne-grained entree control to PHR informations in a scalable and ei ¬?cient manner. For each patient, the PHR informations should be encrypted so that it is scalable with the figure of users holding entree. Besides, since there are multiple proprietors ( patients ) in a PHR system and every proprietor would code her PHR i ¬?les utilizing a dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent set of cryptanalytic keys, it is of import to cut down the cardinal distribution complexness in such multi-owner scenes. Existing cryptographic enforced entree control strategies are largely designed for the single-owner scenarios. In this paper, we propose a fresh model for entree control to PHRs within cloud calculating environment. To enable i ¬?ne-grained and scalable entree control for PHRs, we leverage attribute based encoding ( ABE ) techniques to code each patients’ PHR information. To cut down the cardinal distribution complexness, we divide the system into multiple security spheres, where each sphere manages merely a subset of the users. In this manner, each patient has full control over her ain privateness, and the cardinal direction complexness is reduced dramatically. Our proposed strategy is besides i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible, in that it supports ei ¬?cient and on-demand annulment of user entree rights, and break-glass entree under exigency scenarios. [ 3 ] Attribute-based encoding ( ABE ) is a new vision for public cardinal encoding that allows users to code and decode messages based on user properties. For illustration, a user can make a ciphertext that can be decrypted merely by other users with properties fulfilling ( â€Å"Faculty† OR ( â€Å"PhD Student† AND â€Å"Quals Completed† ) ) . Given its expressiveness, ABE is presently being considered for many cloud storage and calculating applications. However, one of the chief efficiency drawbacks of ABE is that the size of the ciphertext and the clip required to decode it grows with the complexness of the entree expression. In this work, we propose anew paradigm for ABE that mostly eliminates this operating expense for users. Suppose that ABE ciphertexts are stored in the cloud. We show how a user can supply the cloud with a individual transmutation key that allows the cloud to interpret any ABE ciphertext satisi ¬?ed by that user’s attributes into a ( constant-size ) El Gamal-style ciphertext, without the cloud being able to read any portion of the user’s messages. To exactly dei ¬?ne and show the advantages of this attack, we provide new security dei ¬?nitions for both CPA and replayable CCA security with outsourcing, several new buildings, an execution of our algorithms and elaborate public presentation measurings. In a typical coni ¬?guration, the user saves signii ¬?cantly on both bandwidth and decoding clip, without increasing the figure of transmittals. [ 4 ] We consider the job of building a secure cloud storage service to which users outsource sensitive informations for sharing with others where, in peculiar, the service supplier is non wholly trusted by the client. Cloud storage service denotes an architectural displacement toward thin clients and handily centralized proviso of both calculating and storage resources. When using cloud storage for secure informations sharing, one of the chief motivation jobs of this architecture is supplying thin clients with both strong informations coni ¬?dentiality and i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible i ¬?ne-grained entree control without enforcing extra cost on them ( clients ) . To accomplish this end, we propose a fresh information sharing protocol by uniting and working two of the latest property based cryptanalytic techniques, attribute-based encoding ( ABE ) and attribute-based signature ( ABS ) . Furthermore, we besides give a elaborate comparing of our strategy with several latest bing strategies. [ 5 ] Ciphertext-Policy Attribute Based Encryption ( CP-ABE ) is a promising cryptanalytic primitive for i ¬?ne-grained entree control of shared informations. In CP-ABE, each user is associated with a set of properties and informations are encrypted with entree constructions on properties. A user is able to decode a ciphertext if and merely if his properties satisfy the ciphertext entree construction. Beside this basic belongings, practical applications normally have other demands. In this paper we focus on an of import issue of attribute annulment which is cumbrous for CP-ABE strategies. In peculiar, we resolve this ambitious issue by sing more practical scenarios in which semi-trustable online placeholder waiters are available. As compared to bing strategies, our proposed solution enables the authorization to revoke user properties with minimum ei ¬Ã‹â€ ort. We achieve this by unambiguously incorporating the technique of proxy re-encryption with CP-ABE, and enable the authoriza tion to depute most of arduous undertakings to proxy waiters. Formal analysis shows that our proposed strategy is demonstrably unafraid against chosen ciphertext onslaughts. In add-on, we show that our technique can besides be applicable to the Key-Policy Attribute Based Encryption ( KP-ABE ) opposite number. [ 6 ] Data entree control is an effectual manner to guarantee informations security in the cloud. However, due to data outsourcing and untrusted cloud waiters, the informations entree control becomes a ambitious issue in cloud storage systems. Existing entree control strategies are no longer applicable to overcast storage systems, because they either produce multiple encrypted transcripts of the same information or necessitate a to the full trusted cloud waiter. CiphertextPolicy Attribute- based Encryption ( CP-ABE ) is a promising technique for entree control of encrypted information. However, due to the inefi ¬?ciency of decoding and annulment, bing CPABE strategies can non be straight applied to build informations entree control strategy for multi-authority cloud storage systems, where users may keep properties from multiple governments. In this paper, we propose DAC-MACS ( Data Access Control for Multi-Authority Cloud Storage ) , an effectual and unafraid informations entree control strategy with efi ¬?cient decoding and annulment. Specii ¬?cally, we construct a new multi-authority CP-ABE strategy with efi ¬?cient decoding, and besides plan an efi ¬?cient property annulment method that can accomplish both forward security and backward security. We further suggest an extended informations entree control strategy ( EDAC-MACS ) , which is unafraid under weaker security premises. [ 7 ] We propose a new theoretical account for informations storage and entree in clouds. Our scheme avoids hive awaying multiple encrypted transcripts of same informations. In our model for secure informations storage, cloud shops encrypted informations ( without being able to decode them ) . The chief freshness of our theoretical account is add-on of cardinal distribution centres ( KDCs ) . We propose DACC ( Distributed Access Control in Clouds ) algorithm, where one or more KDCs distribute keys to informations proprietors and users. KDC may supply entree to peculiar i ¬?elds in all records. Therefore, a individual key replaces separate keys from proprietors. Owners and users are assigned certain set of properties. Owner encrypts the information with the properties it has and shops them in the cloud. The users with fiting set of properties can recover the information from the cloud. We apply attribute-based encoding based on bilinear couplings on elliptic curves. The strategy is collusion secure ; two users can non together decrypt any informations that none of them has single right to entree. DACC besides supports annulment of users, without redistributing keys to all the users of cloud services. We show that our attack consequences in lower communicating, calculation and storage operating expenses, compared to bing theoretical accounts and strategies. [ 8 ] Ciphertext Policy Attribute Based Encryption ( CPABE ) enables users’ encoding with an entree construction while delegating decoding capableness in conformity with attribute sets. In this paper, we study central-control annulment in CPABE environment, where the proposed key coevals, encoding and decoding algorithms closely comply with CPABE theoretical account, and cardinal update algorithm is developed. In add-on, we inherit the most efi ¬?cient annulment techniques to better the efi ¬?ciency of our cardinal update algorithm. With our strategy, users can remain attribute anon. while being associated with a alone identii ¬?er in system manager’s position, hence revoking malicious users’ decoding capablenesss harmonizing to their alone identii ¬?ers would non impact honest users’ decoding. Our strategy can be proved chosen plaintext secure based on Decisional Bilinear Difi ¬?e-Hellman ( DBDH ) premise in the standard theoretical account. We besides provide efi ¬?ciency analysis and some extensions including deputation capableness and chosen ciphertext security. [ 9 ] Secure outsourcing of calculation to an untrusted ( cloud ) service supplier is going more and more of import. Pure cryptanalytic solutions based on to the full homomorphic and verii ¬?able encoding, late proposed, are assuring but sui ¬Ã‹â€ er from really high latency. Other proposals perform the whole calculation on tamper-proof hardware and normally sui ¬Ã‹â€ er from the the same job. Trusted computer science ( TC ) is another assuring attack that uses trusted package and hardware constituents on calculating platforms to supply utile mechanisms such as attestation leting the information proprietor to verify the unity of the cloud and its calculation. However, on the one manus these solutions require trust in hardware ( CPU, trusted calculating faculties ) that are under the physical control of the cloud supplier, and on the other manus they still have to confront the challenge of run-time attestation. In this paper we focus on applications where the latency of the calculation should be minimized, i.e. , the clip from subjecting the question until having the result of the calculation should be every bit little as possible. To accomplish this we show how to unite a sure hardware item ( e.g. , a cryptanalytic coprocessor or provided by the client ) with Secure Function Evaluation ( SFE ) to calculate arbitrary maps on secret ( encrypted ) informations where the calculation leaks no information and is verii ¬?able. The item is used in the apparatus stage merely whereas in the time-critical online stage the cloud computes the encrypted map on encrypted informations utilizing symmetric encoding primitives merely and without any interaction with other entities. [ 10 ] The cardinal barrier to widespread consumption of cloud computer science is the deficiency of trust in clouds by possible clients. While preventative controls for security and privateness steps are actively being researched, there is still small focal point on investigator controls related to overcast answerability and auditability. The complexness ensuing from the sheer sum of virtualization and informations distribution carried out in current clouds has besides revealed an pressing demand for research in cloud answerability, as has the displacement in focal point of client concerns from waiter wellness and use to the unity and safety of end-users ‘ informations. This paper discusses cardinal challenges in accomplishing a sure cloud through the usage of investigator controls, and presents the TrustCloud model, which addresses answerability in cloud calculating via proficient and policy-based attacks. [ 11 ] We introduce a new and various cryptanalytic primitive called Attribute-Based Signatures ( ABS ) , in which a signature attests non to the individuality of the person who endorsed a message, but alternatively to a ( perchance composite ) claim sing the properties she posseses. ABS oi ¬Ã‹â€ ers: – A strong unforgeability warrant for the verii ¬?er, that the signature was produced by a individual party whose properties satisfy the claim being made ; i.e. , non by a collusion of persons who pooled their properties together. – A strong privateness warrant for the signer, that the signature reveals nil about the individuality or properties of the signer beyond what is explicitly revealed by the claim being made. We officially dei ¬?ne the security demands of ABS as a cryptanalytic primitive, and so depict an ei ¬?cient ABS building based on groups with bilinear couplings. We prove that our building is secure in the generic group theoretical account. Finally, we illustrate several applications of this new tool ; in peculiar, ABS i ¬?lls a critical security demand in attribute-based messaging ( ABM ) systems. A powerful characteristic of our ABS building is that unlike many other attribute-based cryptanalytic primitives, it can be readily used in a multi-authority scene, wherein users can do claims affecting combinations of properties issued by independent and reciprocally mistrusting governments. [ 12 ] The secured informations sharing is provided between the information proprietor and user based on the user’s properties. It achieves more secure and all right grained informations entree control in the informations sharing system. Data security is the cardinal concern in the distributed system. Cryptanalytic methods are used to implement the entree policies of users. But here the cardinal coevals centre ( escrow ) can obtain the messages directing between the users by bring forthing the private key. This is referred as Key escrow job. This job can be solved by escrow free key coevals utilizing 3PC ( Three Party Computation ) . Thus the proposed system gives the greater public presentation and security to the distributed informations sharing system. [ 13 ] This paper proposes aâ€Å"Mesh Signatures†which defines the mesh signature primitive as an anon. signature similar in spirit to pealing signatures, but with a much richer linguistic communication for showing signer ambiguity. The linguistic communication can stand for complex entree constructions, and in peculiar allows single signature constituents to be replaced with complete certification ironss. Because keep backing one’s public key from position is no longer a shield against being named as a possible cosigner, mesh signatures may be used as a ring signature with mandatory registration. We give an efficient building based on bilinear maps in the common random threading theoretical account. Our signatures have additive size, achieve everlasting perfect namelessness, and cut down to really efficient ring signatures without random prophets as a particular instance. Mesh signatures generalise this impression to monotone entree constructions represent able as a t ree, whose interior node are And, Or, and Threshold Gatess.